Particle model & Forces and matter

• density is mass of substance per unit volume
• solid to gas is sublimation
• internal energy is the total energy of the particles in system, including kinetic and potential energy
• Specific heat capacity


  Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg substance by 1degree
• Specific latent heat


  Amount of energy needed to melt or vaporise 1kg at its melting or boiling point
• change in temperature of a system depends on:

  1. mass of material 2. substance of material 3. amount of energy put into system
• Latent heat of Fusion is amount of energy needed to freeze or melt the material at its melting point
• latent heat of Vapourisation is amount of energy needed to evaporate or condense the material at its boiling point
• Temperature of gas is a measure of average kinetic energy of the particles
• Doing work in a gas increases its temperature
• Absolute zero is the coldest anything can get, at 0kelvins
• Force = spring constant x Distance
• When gas gets hotter the particles travel faster and collide with walls of the container more frequently and with more force
• Work done = Pressure x Volume
• Density = mass / volume
• P1 V1 = P2 V2
• Degrees to Kelvin is +273
• $Q =$$mcΔT$
• Q = change in thermal energy, joules
• c = Specific heat capacity, J/Kg*C
• l = specific latent heat, J/Kg
• Gas has the most internal energy
• Pressure = Force/Area
• Pa = hpg
• Elastic distortion means that a material will return to its original shape when the deforming force is removed
• inelastic distortion means that the material won’t return to original form after force is removed
• Bending needs 2 forces, one clockwise and one anti-clockwise
• Stretching needs 2forces of tension, acting away from each other
• Compression is when two equal forces acting towards each other
• work done in stretching a spring


  E = 1/2 x k x extension squared
• Upthrust

  Object floating in a fluid and has an upward force acting on it
• atmospheric pressure 


  101000 Pa
• Pressure exerted in a liquid will increase with depth, the further you go the greater fluid there is above you
• h is height of column, m
• p is density of liquid, (kg/m^3)
• g is gravitation field strength, (N/kg)