UCSP lesson 3: Human Biocultural & Social Evolution

• Hominid (manlike primates) - ramapithecus, lucy, australopitecus
• ramapithecus - lived 14 million years. Remains could be found in Siwalik Hills of India. Found by Mrs. Mary Leaky at the volcanic ash of Laetoli, Tanzania, East Africa in 1975. Could stand upright, used stone & sticks
• Lucy - found by American archaeologist: Donald C. Johnson. Was a whole skeleton of a teenage girl at Hadar, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Australopithecus - lived in Africa 5 million years ago. Had a small brain but could walk straight & use simple tools
• Homo Habilis (handy man) - zinjanthropus & lake turkana
• homo habilis (handy man) - apelike man, used stone tools as weapon & protection
• zinjanthropus - 4 feet, could walk upright with small brain. Lived 1.75 million years ago. Used crude stone as weapons. Found by S.B Leakey in Olduva Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa in 1999
• Lake turkana (1470 man) - 5 ft tall & walked upright; had a brain twice the size of a chimpanzee’s. Used refined tools and was excavated in Lake Turkana, Kenya East Africa by Dr. Richard Leakey in 1972; remains were shattered skull & leg bones.
• 2 types of homo erectus (upright man) - pithecanthropus Erectus (java man) & Sinanthropus Pekinensis (peking man)
• Homo erectus (upright man) - first manlike creature. Lived 500k years ago in Asia, Africa, & Europe. Can walk straight with a brain almost the same size of a modern man’s. Made refined tools and weapons.
• Pithecanthropus Erectus (java man) - 5 ft tall; could walk erect; heavy and chinless jaw; hairy body
• Sinanthropus Pekinensis (peking man) - found at Choukoutien village, beijing, china (1929). 5’2” tall; wlks upright; brain almost as large as of modern man’s. Lived 500k years ago
• 2 kinds of Homo sapiens (wise man) - Neanderthal man & Cro magnon man
• Homo sapiens (wise man) - where modern man descended from; lived 250k years ago. Similar to modern man. Activities were dependent on hunting, fishing, & agriculture. Buried their dead, used hand tools, had religion
• Neanderthal man - found in the cave of Neanderthal valley near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856. Lived in high temperate zones in Asia & Europe 70k years ago. Built with powerful jaws, brutish & primitively intelligent. lived in caves; dependent in hunting & fishing. Had religion & more advanced than homo erectus.
• Cro magnon man - stronger than neanderthal Found by french archaeologist Louis Lartet in the Cro Magnon cave at Ley Eyzies in Southern France. Had stone implements, art objects, & consistent hunting skills.
• Hominid (apelike man_ - quadrupedal, 4ft, upright, small brain, used stone & sticks, food gatherer, nomads, herd herbivore
• homo habilis (handy man) 5ft, upright, brain with a Broca’s area; associated with speech, first to make stone tools, food gatherer, Nomads
• Homo erectus (upright man) - bipedal, 5ft 2 inches, brain almost the same as modern man’s, made refined tools for hunting & weapons (axes and knives), food gatherer, nomads, first to produce fire
• homo sapiens (wise man) - bipedal, 5ft 11 inches, primitively smart, refined stone implements, food producer, dwellers, had consistent hunting skills.
• Paleolithic period - homo erectus & homo sapiens, rough stone tools (chisels & knives), lived in hunting, fishing, & food gathering, used fire, lived in caves, built primitive shelters, learned primitive arts, personal ornaments.
• Neolithic period - started in the disappearance of Cro magnon, new people were considered as modern man, refined tools & weapons, made own houses, domesticated animals, weaved & used clothes, cut trees for boats
• Age of metals - used metal (bronze, copper, iron), most developed social, cultural, political, & economical, had direct contact with other tribes, kingdoms, states through trade, conquest, and wars.
• Neolithic revolution - agriculture, origin of civilization, causes of the Agrarian transformation, domestication of plants & animals
• before the rise of civilization (paleolithic age) - nomadic hunter-gatherers, lived off land, pastoral society tied groups to specific land areas, agressive, babies were dependent, had belief in afterlife, social structures, & hierarchies, cave paintings, burials, tools
• civilization makes it debut (8000-3000 BC) - agriculture became widespread, creating surplus of food. Neolithic (new stone) through agriculture was the crowning achievment.
• artisans - contributed to the homogenization of culture
• merchants - caused cultural diffusion; human religion evolved
• democratization - transition to a democratic political system.
• democracy - ruled by people. People’s views influence laws and decisions made by the government.
• demos (people), krates (rule)
• Athens - firsy city state to allow citizens to access government office & courts. Was not a true democracy.
• Hunting & food gathering societies - earliest form of human society, used tools made of stones, woods, & bones, people forages for vegetables, fishing, hunting larger animals, collecting shellfish
• Horticultural societies - people learned to use human muscle power & handheld tools, substinence & surplus farming.
• substinence farming - producing enough to feed the group, settlements were small, political organization was confined, authority was based on position inherited by males through kinship system.
• surplus farming - thickly populated & permanent settlements, social stratification was well established, structured by kinship relations that were male dominated.
• pastoral societies - herding & domestication of animals for food & clothing, organized along male-centered kinship groups, under strong political figures, centralized political leadership did not occur.
• agricultural societies - use of plow in farming, creation of irrigation system, growing populations came together in broad river-valley syste, those who have controlled access to land was rich & powerful — demanding taxes & political support.
• industrial societies - more than just the use of mechanical means of production, well-coordinated labor force, organized syste of exchange between suppliers of raw materials & industrial manufacturers, kinship plays a smaller role.