research 🔍

• becker et al (1978)


  found positive correlation between perception of severity and susceptibility towards taking action for asthma attacks on their children. married and highly educated mediated higher compliance level (demographic variable)
• carpenter (2010) meta analysis


  found barriers were consistently strongest predicter of behaviour change, followed by benefits. somewhat weak predicter
• azjen (1985, 1991)


  theory of reasoned action (azjen and fishbein) developed to theory of planned behaviour, more focused on intention
• carmelli et al (1991)


  genetic influences 53% to the risk of taking up smoking
• diblasio and bender (1993)


  found adolescents who smoked had associated that with the others around them who already smoked, which then increased conformity
• botvin (2000)


  found high applicableness in prevention of smoking through interventions by teaching skills that help resists social influence
• levin et al (2010)


  the number of licks from the rats being tested were reinforced into the continuation of nicotine
• carter and tiffany (1999)


  people dependant on smoking were found to react strongly to reactivity cues, through self reports, it was found that was also an increase in cravings when made in contact with cues
• domino (2003)


  through undergoing fMRI, there was a change in blood flow to certain parts of the brain after smoking, including the hypothalamus
• canadian study (2003)


  using fear images on cigarettes such as black lungs have proven to be effective for persuasion in cessation
• quine and Stephenson (1990)


  found out in australian children, they were more likely to drink if their parents drank alcohol at least weekly
• tovalacci et al (2013)


  highly stressed students were more likely to smoke or drink
• parke and grffiths (2004)


  supported view of reinforcing roles of winning and near wins
• hare (2009) 


  a sample of 15,000 individuals. 1.3% of men were found to be addicted to gambling but only 0.6% of women, so the learning theory doesn't consider gender differences
• bulpitt and fletcher (1988)


  reviewed research on adherence and blood pressure treatments. it included in sleepiness, dizziness, loss of sexual function and impaired cognition. when the side effects outweigh benefits, patients were less likely to comply
• lustman et al (2000)


  an antidepressant reduced depression compared to a placebo and improved diabetic patient's blood sugar
• janis and feshback (1953)


  fear arousal didn't affect knowledge about dental hygiene. the minimal and moderate fear arousal groups showed higher increase in hygiene than high fear arousal group
• hovland and weiss (1951)


  credible sources are more persuasive but over time, people forgot the source (sleeper's effect) and so were persuaded by less credible source
• hovland yale model


  source - presented as credible. message - 2 sided arguments more effective. audience - peripheral or central route
• rahe et al (1971)


  investigated the link between life events, stress and illness. found that sailors who scored low on questionnaire (few life events) also had low levels of recorded illness.
• kanner et al (1981) 


  to see if hassles and uplifts scale was a good predictor to stress. found that daily hassles correlate with symptoms of stress so better predictor than life events
• skills and judgement (rickwood et al)


  gamblers overestimate the amount of control they have over their chances of winning (illusion of control)
• characteristics and rituals (rickwood et al)


  gamblers sometimes believe themselves to be naturally luckier than other and are dependant on superstition (lucky objects/numbers)
• selective recall (rickwood et al)


  the tendency to overestimate chances of wins but underestimate chances of losses, they see big losses as totally inexplicable
• faulty perception (rickwood et al)


  gamblers fallacy, random events equal themselves out over time
• stead et al (2012)


  reviewed 150 trials, found chances of stopping smoking were increased from 50-70% by the use of nicotine replacement therapy compared to placebo
• mclellan et al (1993)


  found that a group of drug addicts on methadone receiving also psychological interventions responded better to the treatment
• vancouver et al (2002)


  found that high self efficacy can lead people to underestimating the amount of effort on subsequent tasks. in some cases, high levels may be an obstacle to behaviour change
• haynes abd deinleib (1980)


  working women with children have shown to have a greater chance of developing CHD than either working men or housewives. the tendency increased with each child they had
• melamed et al (1992)


  noise affects job dissatisfaction and irritability after work and absence from work. in women, anxiety and depression were also linked to high noise levels
• marmot et al (1997)


  low levels workers in the civil service were 4x more likely to experience cancer, stroke and gastrointestinal disorders than higher grade workers. this linked to the stress associated with low levels of control in the work place
• cohen et al (2015)


  showed benefits of hugging (emotional support) for people deliberately exposed to the common cold. those who had the most hugs had less chance of becoming ill and less severe symptoms if they did
• baldwin et al (2013)

  BZ's to be more effective than placebos in treating acute anxiety
• vollestad et al 


  conducted the effectiveness of MSBR (mindfulness based stress reduction) - the treatment group showed significant improvements in acute anxiety
• pianezza et al (1998)


  those with a gene mutation for the enzyme CYP2A6 (breaks down nicotine) are less likely to becomes smokers and if they do, smoke less
• schiffman et al (1995)


  occasional smokers do not feel compelled to smoke more regularly and so it is assumed that there are no changes in their brains caused by smoking, challenging the regulation hypothesis
• schiffman and waters (2004)


  found that negative emotions and being in a bad mood were strong predictors of relapse in participants addicted to smoking, supporting negative reinforcement
• koob (2009)


  neurological basis of negative reinforcement - the HPA becomes hyper activated during alcohol withdrawal. withdrawal resembles extreme stress response and relapse is a way of calming the hyper vigilance and anxiety
• lazareck (2012)


  users with a diagnosed disorder were 7x more likely to develop an addiction compared to substance users without disorders, supporting that self medication causes addiction
• fergusson et al (2009)

  the disorder must precede the addiction. sometimes it hard to distinguish which came first, the disorder or addiction, but the research suggests that the addiction often comes first, followed by the disorder