Approaches (psychology)

• what are the behaviourism assumptions 


  . Focus on control and objectivity

  . All behaviour is learnt and determined by the environment

  . They are only interested in behaviour that is measurable and observe able
• Evaluation evidence point Behaviourism 


  . There is research evidence

  for operant and classical conditioning
• Evaluation Application point behaviourism 


  . Can be used to explain everyday behaviour demonstrates contributions to wider society
• Evaluation scientific behaviourism

  . Highly controlled and very reliable
• Evaluation incomplete behaviourism

  . All behaviour is learnt by enviornment could be argued to be incomplete
• How is classical conditioning learnt


  association
• What is the unconditioned stimulus 


  Produces an automatic response without Being learnt
• What is the unconditioned stimulus 


  Behaviour that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus
• What is the neutral stimulus 


  A stimulus that produces no specific response
• What is the conditioned response


  The response learnt after association
• What is positive reinforcement

  Addition of something nice that increases the probability of that behaviour being repeated
• What is negative Reinforcement 


  The removal of something unpleasant
• What is punishment

  Punishment decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again
• What is behaviour shaping

  Shaping behaviours are broken down into many small achievable steps
• what is imitation


  The act of copying others
• What is vicarious reinforcement 


  Learning through the consequences of other people’s actions
• How do SLT say we learn

  Through imitation and observation
• Social learning theory is a bridge between…

  Behaviourist and cognitive approach
• What are the 4 mediational processers

  Attention

  retention

  reproduction

  motivation
• What was Bandura’s study for SLT


  Bobo doll

  . Children were taken in a room observed adults behaviour and then imitated it.

  children who observed aggressive behaviour were more likely to imitate it especially if the same sex
• What is a limitation of Bandura’s study 


  Lacks ecological validity as the experiment was in a lab
• Evidence for SLT

  Bobo doll study

  supports approach as children imitated what they observed. Key process Of vicarious reinforcement emphasised by theory
• scientific for SLT

  Lacks ecological validity takes place in a lab, and is highly controlled
• What is an assumption of the cognitive approach 


  The human mind works like a computer
• What is a schema 


  a cognitive framework that help to interpret incoming information and to respond to objects appropriately
• How are schemas built up

  Through experience
• Limitation of schemas

  Schemas can distort the interpretation of information which can lead to perceptual errors
• Evidence for cognitive approach (schemas)

  Allport and Postman

  white participants shown picture of white man holding razor and black man in suit.

  retelling got switched making black man hold razor. Shows that cultural stereotypes influence our schemas
• What do schemas allow us to do

  They act as shortcuts to be able to allow lots of information to be processed quickly
• Evaluation application cognitive 


  Lead to effective treatment such as CBT therapy
• scientific cognitive approach

  Highly controlled therefore produces reliable data

  however

  lacks ecological validity as takes place in a lab
• What is evidence for the biological approach 


  nestdat et al.

  OCD example
• What is the percentage Of genetic material identical and non identical twins share 


  Identical - 100%

  non Identical - 50%
• What is a genotype 


  An individuals genetic makeup
• What is a phenotype 


  What happens when the genotype interacts with the environment
• What is natural selection 


  Process by which species change overtime in response to changes in the environment
• True or false, neurotransmitters are thought to affect behaviour 


  True
• What is a concordance rate 


  The probability of both twins having a particular trait if one does
• Evidence biological approach

  Behaviour has A biological basis,

  eg. OCD experiment
• Application biological approach 


  There are many real life applications such as the development of drugs to treat disorders

  however can relapse