GenBio

• All cells in every living organism were created by division of previously existing cells
• Exceptions

  • Fertilized egg produced from the union of two cells (sperm and egg)
• Cell division

  Genetic material must be copied completely and accurately before a living cell divides into two
• Cells in multicellular organisms

  • Differentiate during development
  • Take on specialized forms and functions
  • Highly regulated
  • Some cells rarely (if ever) divide in an adult organism
  • Others continue to divide throughout life
• Humans develop from a single fertilized egg to a complex organism of over 10 trillion cells in just nine months
• A complex pattern of cell differentiation and cell division results in the formation of the various tissues, organs, and organ systems
• Cell division

  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
• Meiosis

  • Division of sex cells
  • Function is for development
  • Can produce 4 unique cells
  • Haploid cells
• Mitosis


  • Division of body cells (somatic)
  • Function is for growth and repair
  • Cells in body constantly divide
  • Can produce 2 identical daughter cells
  • Diploid cells
• Differentiation

  1. A cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell

  2. Based on different gene expression
• Once a cell divides it will automatically differentiate
• Cells have different specialized forms and functions
• Genetic mutation


  Occurs from error in DNA replication during cell division
• Cell Reproduction


  Process of producing new cells from existing cells
• Cell Differentiation


  Process of cells becoming specialized in their structure and function
• Cell Cycle


  Series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication
• Cell Division


  Process of cells splitting into two identical daughter cells
• Phases of Cell Cycle

  • Interphase
  • M-phase
• Interphase

  Phase of the cell cycle where no cell division occurs
• 1. phase


  Phase of the cell cycle where cell division occurs
• Egg cell is the largest cell in the body
• Sexual Reproduction


  Union between sperm and egg to produce offspring
• Asexual Reproduction


  Process of producing offspring without a mate
• Chatae


  Animal with complete organs (digestive, circulatory, reproductive)
• Regeneration


  Ability of an organism to regenerate its body parts
• Humans can regenerate the liver
• Not all organisms can regenerate
• Phases of Interphase

  • G1 (first gap)
  • S (synthesis)
• G1 (first gap)


  Primary period of cell growth
• S (synthesis)


  Phase of interphase where DNA is duplicated
• Three processes essential to DNA function

  • Replication
  • Transcription
  • Translation
• Replication


  Process of copying the cell’s DNA prior to cell division
• Transcription


  Process of creating a coding message of a single gene that can be carried out of the nucleus
• Takes 5 - 6 hours to complete G1 phase
• Transcription


  Transcribed into mRNA and will be condensed to RNA which will carry the codon – that consist of 3 nitrogenous bases
• Codon


  A code that consists of 3 nitrogenous bases
• Translation


  The process of converting the coded message into proteins useful to the cell
• tRNA


  Reads and translates the code to amino acid
• Steps of translation

  • All replication and transcription happens in cytoplasm
  • Translation: process of converting the coded message into proteins useful to the cell
  • Proteins will be created in ribosomes
• Preparation to cell division, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

  G2