Reading and Writing

• Discourse - formal and lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner
• Purpose of a discourse

  • To Inform

  • To Persuade

  • To Entertain
• Types of a Discourse

  • Argumentation

  • Description

  • Exposition

  • Narration
• Argumentation - is the act or process of making and presenting arguments. Arguments are a series of statements for or against an idea.
• Description - Based on the author's main impression about the topic. It aims to transmit that impression through concrete, colorful, and vivid language. It triggers the senses of the readers.
• Exposition - This aims to inform about, clarify and explain a phenomenon. It defines what something is and provides an in-depth discussion about topics that are usually less explored.

  • It uses transitional words.
• Narration - This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events chronologically.
• Types of Literary Discourse:

  • Poetic

  • Transactional

  • Expressive
• Poetic

  • Creative works like poems, movies, short stories, and plays. It focuses on how language is used to form themes and convey ideologies. It consists of flowery words.

  • Appealing to readers.
• Transactional

  • Commonly found in instructional materials, advertisements, and editorial articles, among others.

  • Providing information to achieve something.
• Expressive

  • Commonly found in academic journals, letters, diaries, and blogs. A personal narrative.

  • Typically written in the first-person point of view.
• General Parts of Essay

  1. Introduction
  2. Body
  3. Conclusion
• How do we Select and Organize?

  • Brainstorming

  • Outlining

  • Graphic Organizer
• Brainstorming

  • Informal way of generating topics to write about

  • It is a group activity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members.
• Idea List - It simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic. It also helps you find the main idea and supporting ideas.
• Idea Map - It is a visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another. It is more structured and can show how one idea subordinates another idea.
• Cubing - Applies six point of views about the topic
• Free Writing - In this technique, just write. Do not mind errors in spelling and grammar. Allow the writer in you to be freed.

  • Writing without hindrances
• Outlining

  • Considered as planning for writing; a summary that gives the essential feature of a text.
• Preparing an outline

  1. Decimal - Decimal Numbers
  2. Alphanumeric - Roman Numerals, Letters, Numbers
• Kinds of Outline According to Structure

  • Topic Outline

  • Sentence Outline

  • Paragraph Outline
• Topic Outline

  • It simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic. It also helps you find the main idea and supporting details.

  • Listing topics, in words, phrases, or fragments,

  • The headings represent the main ideas and are indicated by Roman Numerals, while the subheadings represent the supporting ideas and are indicated by capital letters.
• Sentence Outline

  • More specific outline technique because it states the main idea and supporting ideas in full sentences.

  • You use this outline when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires a lot of details.
• Paragraph Outline - Contains a brief summary
• Four Principles of Outlining :

  • Coordination

  • Subordination

  • Division

  • Parallel Construction
• What is a Graphic Organizer?

  It is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationship between them. The main purpose of it is to provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and instruction.
• Venn Diagram - compare and contrast

  
• Networking Tree - hierarchy/ranking

  
• Spider/Semantic Map - To investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea. Used to branching different categories.

  
• Problem Solution - highlight the problem and propose a solution to it.

  
• Plot Diagram/Pyramid Plot - Used to sequence the story/events.

  
• Flow Chart/Sequence Diagram - mapping major events of the story and representing workflow or process.

  
• Series of Chain Events - Used to show the sequence of the events.

  
• Fishbone Diagram - Visual way to look at cause & effect.

  
• Persuasion Map - Mapping out their claims and arguments. This is used to persuade your readers.

  
• Cycle - series of events but with repeated words/events repeated.

  
• Paragraph is a group of interrelated sentences that talks about one main idea
• An essay is a group of paragraphs that talk about one central idea.
• A paragraph is composed of three major parts; the topic sentence, the body, and the closing sentences
• Properties of a well-written text

  1. Unity Coherence and Cohesion
  2. Organization
  3. Language Use
  4. Mechanics