Amh2020

• Growth of slavery:

  1790: 700,000 slaves

  1810: Over 1 million slaves

  1850: 3.2 million slaves

  1860: 4 million slaves
• Growth of cotton:

  • 1836: 2/3 of U.S. exports (cotton)
  • 1860: 2/3 world supply (U.S. cotton)
• republican party: organized in the 1850s
• democratic party: organized in the 1820s
• 1859 - 1861: Senate

  Democrats: 47.2%

  Republicans: 49%

  3rd parties: 3.8%
• 2021 - 2022:

  Democrats: 50%

  Republicans: 50%
• December 1860:

  South Carolina state government voted to secede from the United States and declare independence.
• November 1860:

  Abraham Lincoln (Republican-Illinois) elected U.S. president
• • February 4th, 1861: They then formed their own government and nation (in Montgomery, Alabama)Confederate Constitutional Convention held by national and state politicians from the Democratic Party:

  1. South Carolina
  2. Mississippi
  3. Texas
  4. Alabama
  5. Louisiana
  6. Georgia
  7. Florida
• The Union in Blue:

  20 non-slave states

  5 slave states

  Over 100,00 factories
• The Confederacy in Red:

  11 slave states

  10 million people

  Less than 2,000 factories
• September 1862:

  President Lincoln issued proclamation freeing all slaves who resided in "states of rebellion" as of January 1, 1863.
• 1863: Then African American Men Enlisted in the U.S. Army
• Early 1864:

  • Many Confederate soldiers were without shoes, proper clothing, and weapons
  • Many Confederates considered the conflict a "lost cause.

  Early 1865: Over 1 million casualties counted

  Over 600,000 soldiers killed
• April - June 1865:

  South surrender
• • Martial law: when national military controls normal administration of justice and law in a local community.
• Martial Law's presence utilized to:

  1.Monitor ex-Confederate agitators

  2.Ensure African Americans' safety (especially during voter registration)*

  3. Enable voter-security: This resulted in more Republicans politicians elected in ex-Confederate states with African Americans' votes.
• After the Civil War

  1867-69: Senate

  Democrats: 13.6%

  Republicans: 86.4%
• Reconstruction (1863-1877):

  government policies implemented in former-Confederacy when the U.S. government was focused on:

  1. Defeating the Confederacy
  2. Amending the U.S. Constitution
• 13th Amendment: Outlaws slavery (1865)

  14th Amendment: Guarantee citizen rights to "all persons born or naturalized in the U.S." (1868)

  UNBU

  15th Amendment: universal male suffrage (1870)

  1870: 40% ex-Confederate population was African American and voted republican candidates in the south!!!
• The United States Constitution:

  Part 1: The Preamble (formal introduction)

  Part 2: 7 Articles that define government roles and responsibilities

  Part 3: 27 Amendments (continually added between 1791 and 1992)
• More African Americans were elected in government during the 1870s than in any other decade before the 1960s
• "White Supremacy" Gangs Arose:

  In Tennessee: The Ku Klux Klan was organized

  Late 1865/Early 1866: Ex-Confederate soldiers organized

  the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

  • Origin of Name:

  From the Greek work "KuKlos" (circle) with "clan"
• Klan crimes:

  1. arson
  2. whippings
  3. shootings
  4. lynches*
• Lynched murders:

  • 1880-1960: Nearly 5,000 lynched in U.S.
  • 1880-1960: Over 3,500 lynched in ex-Confederate states
  • 1000s more disappeared in unsolved or ignored cases.
• Carpetbagger": northern politicians, businessmen, and teachers who migrated to the South during Reconstruction. They sought professional and financial opportunities and held certain financial advantages because their northern homes were not obstructed from war or reconstruction.
• • Slaves were freed (cost ex-owners $1.5 billion)
  • Southern lands were depreciated by ½ of their pre- Civil War value
• Birth of a Nation 1915
• "These films virtually followed ritual plots of nostalgia (known as The Lost Cause) and brave if defeated

  Confederates surrounded by their virtuous women."
• Such films glorified the Ku Klux Klan and relied on anti-miscegenation themes

  "miscegenation": mixing of different so-called racial groups through marriage, procreation, and cohabitation
• The Birth of a Nation Film:

  It is moved and carried that all whites must salute negro officers on the street.

  Passage of Bill Providing for intermarriage of blacks and whites

  -The not in the Master's Hall

  • The negro party in control in the State House of Representatives, 101 blacks against 23 whites, session of 1871. The helpless white minority. Later, The grim reaping begins. you see i’m a captain now and i want to marry. stay away or i’ll jump. who will save the damsel in distress
• Loving v. Virginia (1967): interracial marriage was ruled to be legalized
• Racial Integrity Act of 1924 (Virginia): criminalized marriage between "white-persons and non-white persons"
• "Gus" was played by a European American

  actor named Walter Long. birth of a nation
• In "Birth of a Nation", Griffith portrayed African Americans as inferior and savage, perpetuating negative stereotypes.
• Birth of a Nation - 10 million earned (1915)

  50 million (1915-1950)

  first film shown at white house.

  wilson- it is like writing history with lighting. And so my only regret is that it is all so terribly true.
• by 1920: 4 million total out of 100 million citizens were members in the kkk
• The KKK used films such as Birth of a Nation to spread their message and recruit new members.
• the lost cause

  "Southerners clung to this image because it provided them with a psychologically soothing explanation for why they lost the war. According to the Lost Cause idea, Confederate society was more virtuous than the North and its soldiers braver, but the South lost because the Yankees possessed overwhelming advantages in population, industry, arms, and ruthlessness. Defeat, while bitter and painful, was also a glorious martyrdom for a people and a way of life.

  19
• Confederate monuments and dedications satisfied persons clung to The Lost Cause:

  Stone Mountain, Georgia was where Ku Klux Klan members held rallies in early 1900s.