CHAPTER 1 (part 2)

• Birthday of Rizal

  June 19, 1861
• • RA 1425 - State’s effort to use LITERATURE to foster NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
• 2 Novels - Source of Patriotism (Read, understand, Act/react)
• • Rizal & Other heroes - Represent ideals of virtue, patriotism, self-sacrifice
• By reading the literature, Filipinos are inspired to live by the ideals.
• Filipino are diversified which means they have heterogenous culture, and in order for them to act as a nation, they must be united. This can be achieve through LITERATURE, which is the RIZAL BILL.
• DANGER OF READING RIZAL

  1. Being read in different ways 
  2. Political and Ideological Variations
• POWER OF LITERATURE

  • Imperative of Truth
  • Represents the Past
  • Imperative of Action
  • Matters of Action
  • Constructs the Future
• NECESSARY FICTIONS

  1. Ascertain how literature transforms Filipino understanding of the past and present
  2. How literature transforms society 
• 1880 - Rizal 19y/o- essay “ El Consejo de los Dioses” 

  Social reform

  Punishes/corrects without bloodshed
• 1872 - Cavite Mutiny and execution of GOMBURZA

  Propaganda movement waned due to repression
• 1880 - Propaganda Movement

  Propaganda movement waxed due to La Propaganda (Marcelo H. Del Pilar)
• Invention of National Literature

  1. DISENGAGE FROM DOMINANT DISCOURSE
  2. INTERNATIONALIZATION- CONVERSATION WITH THE ROW
  3. CONVERSATION WITHIN THE NATION
• Invention of National Literature

  1. DISENGAGE FROM DOMINANT DISCOURSE

  * to assert differences

  * virtues of local languages

  * Popular culture

  * Folk culture

  * Integrity of tagalog theatre

  * National History of the Philippines - 1st attempt to by Rizal

  • Not just an appendage of Spain
  • Issues: Originality vs Assimilation, Indigenous vs Foreign
• 2. INTERNATIONALIZATION- CONVERSATION WITH THE ROW

  Necessary/vital

  Incorporated colonialism- into the native subjects

  • culture - contaminated of foreign 
  • Literature - authors more fluent in Spanish than local

  Nation’s literature- build- appropriate, divert, absorb the best element

  Issue: Danger of being too absorbed in others, lost in dominant others.
• 3. CONVERSATION WITHIN THE NATION

  Dialogue with each other

  Living discourse, not just a collection of text

  National Literature - not by single author but community

  International Association of Filipinos in Paris- visible community

  Issue: trapped in own conversation, not open into the world
• What is the third novel of Rizal?

  MAKAMISA
• When was Makamisa written?

  1891 - 1892
• Is MAKAMISA novel written by Jose Rizal finished?

  NO
• Aims of writing the Novel Makamisa

  1. Address Tagalog readers not European readers ( Tagalog- Spanish- 2 languages- Spanish)
• Aims of writing the Novel

  2. Modern sense of the word

  Artistic & literary versus political

  Novel- judged in the end in comparison to other novels
• Aims of writing the Novel

  3. Deal exclusively with the usage, virtues and defects of Tagalog. 

  Ethics rather than politics
• Rizal’s Third Novel is unfinished because:

  1. Struggled in tagalog
  2. Reprise of the Noli Me Tangere
  3. Impossible to write outside of present situation
• What is the unfinished national literature?

  MAKAMISA
• when was noli me tangere published?

  1887
• when was el filibusterismo published?

  1891
• During the American period around 1950's, the Novels of Rizal are already in English Translation.
• June 19, 1961 - Centennial (100th Death anniversary of Rizal)
• 1950’s – Best New Translation, Rizal Bill & Catholic Hierarchy (Rizal= hero, but disapproved readings of novels) 
• Leon Ma. Guerrero's translation is the most popular version of the novels
• American Colonial regime (1899-1942)- Spanish wiped out except in rich mestizo and creole families. 2.6% of 16M can speak Spanish. 
• Rizal’s original version is inaccessible
• 1. 1961 – Leon M. Guerrero – The Lost Eden (Noli Me Tángere)
• English translations - composed by foreigners (Charles E. Derbyshire & Jorge Bocobo)
• Prized competition for English translation

  Guerrero- Last minute withdrawal

  Money (10,000 PhP) for a copyright

  Sold installment rights to Manila Times and Longman’s London Pub. Company 
• Guerrero’s translation was systematically distorted. 

  Guerrero was a man of sophistication and education, fluent in spanish

  Distortion not due to incompetence, ignorance or haste
• Guerrero’s Intro in Noli  described his translation “an attempt to make the novel “palatable” to the new generation of English speaking Filipino
• Guerrero: I have therefore allowed …paraphrasing…that might provoke sophisticated sniggers particularly in the love scene on Maria Clara’s balcony.
• GUERRERO’S TRANSLATION

  1. Palatable vs younger generation who no longer have any idea of the customs of forefathers
  2. Paraphrased to prevent sniggers from foreign, American, English readers- nationalist means for keeping Rizal alive for Filipino youth, preserving His Filipino glory 
• 7 RUBRICS

  1. DEMODERNIZATION
  2. EXCLUSION OF THE READER
  3. EXCISION OF TAGALOG
  4. BOWDLERIZATION
  5. DELOCALIZATION
  6. DE- EUROPIANIZATION
  7. ANACHRONISM