Gen Chem Lesson 1

• What is lesson 1?

  The Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids
• The word Kinetic is derived from the the greek work? Which means?

  Kinein "to move"
• Explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual particles.

  The Kinetic Molecular Theory
• (4) The Kinetic Molecular Theory

  1. All matter is made up of tiny particles
  2. These particles are in constant motion.
  3. Speed of particle is proportional to temperature.
  4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles (freedom of motion, particles interact)
• Closely packed together

  Solids
• Compact arrangement

  Solids
• Definite sizes and shapes

  Solids
• This particle arrangement is also responsible for their malleability and ductility.

  Solids
• Slightly far from one another

  Liquids
• Flow and take the shape of their containers

  Liquids
• No definite sizes and shapes

  Liquids

  Gases
• Particles move freely

  Gases
• very far from one another

  Gases
• Temperature affects the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules, therefore affecting their movement.
• The particles of matter expand upon heating and contract upon cooling.
• Intramolecular forces of attraction are those responsible for interactions within a molecule, such as covalent and ionic bonds.
• Ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons between the two atoms.
• This transfer of electrons leads to the formation of two oppositely charged ions.

  Ionic bond
• The force of attraction between these differently charged ions is responsible to hold the atoms in position.

  Ionic bond
• (3) Types of Intramolecular Forces

  1. Ionic Bond
  2. Covalent Bond
  3. Metallic Bond
• Covalent bond exists due to mutual sharing of electrons within the atoms.
• The tendency of an atom in Covalent bond is to complete its octet.
• The shared pair of electrons in Covalent bond are also knows as bonding pairs or shared pairs.
• Metallic bond is the bond that exists between metallic ions and the valence electrons.
• In metals, the outermost shells of the atoms overlap with each other.
• Examples of Intramolecular Forces

  1. Table Salt
  2. Toothpaste
  3. Diamond
  4. Lye
• Table salt or sodium chloride is one of the best examples of intramolecular interactions.
• In table salt, an ionic bond is accountable to bind the atoms of sodium and chlorine together to form a stable structure of sodium chloride.
• Toothpaste consist of chemical compound known as sodium fluoride.
• Toothpaste makes the teeth more resistance to decay and keeps the cavity-causing bacteria's away.
• Sodium fluoride is made up if an ionic bond that exists between sodium, which is a metal, and fluoride, which is a non-metal.
• Diamond is formed as result of subjecting coal to high temperature and pressure over a long period of time.
• It is basically a huge covalent bond of carbon.

  Diamond
• Carbon has a valence of?

  4 electrons
• It tends to share the 4 electrons with the adjacent atoms.

  Carbon
• Lye is an alkaline solution, which is used to make soaps and other cleaning purposes.
• The chemical name of lye is sodium hydroxide.
• Sodium hydroxide is formed as a result of an ionic bond that exists between a metal and a compund.
• The functional groups in each amino acid interact with one another enabling the protein to have folded structure.
• Intramolecular forces of attraction is stronger than Intermolecular attractions.