Save
Biology
Cells
3.2.1.
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Learn
Created by
rice alc
Visit profile
Cards (55)
Cell Surface Membrane
Controls
the
exchange
of
materials
between
internal
and
external
environment.
Partially
permeable.
Phospholipid
bilayer.
Nucleus
An organelle that
stores
the
genetic
information
of the
cell
Contains
Chromosomes;
protein-bound
linear
DNA
May have more than one
nucelolus
Nucleolus
Contains all
genetic information
;
chromasomes
Site
of
ribosome
production
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane
surrounding
the
nucleus.
Nuceloplasm
Granular
jelly-like
material
Makes up the
bulk
of the
nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processes proteins
made by ribosomes
Large
surface area
Surface covered in
ribosomes
Continuous folds of membrane
connected
to the
nuclear envelope
Nuclear Pores
Allows molecules in and out of the
nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Does not
have
ribosomes
on the surface
Production, processing and storage of lipids, carbohydrates and steroids.
Mitochondria
Site
of
aerobic respiration
within
eukaryotic
cells
Surrounded by
double membrane
Cristae (Mitochondria)
The
folded
inner membrane
Forms
the
matrix
Matrix (Mitochondria)
Contains
enzymes
needed for
aerobic respiration
Produces
ATP
Contains
small
circular
pieces of DNA (
mitochondrial
DNA)
Contains
ribosomes
(needed for replication)
Chloroplast
Site of
photosynthesis
Larger
than mitochondria
Double
membrane
Membrane-bound compartments
Nucleus Structure
Surrounded
by
nuclear envelope
;
semi-permeable
double membrane
Nuclear pores
allow substances to
enter
/
exit
Dense
nucleolus
made of
RNA
&
proteins
assembles
ribosomes
Function of nucleus
Contains
DNA
coiled
around
chromatin
into
chromosomes
Controls
cellular
processes;
gene expression determines specialisation and site of mRNA transcription, mitosis, semi-conservative replication
Mitochondrion structure
Surrounded
by
double membrane
Folded
inner membrane
forms
Cristae
;
site
of
electron transport chain
Fluid matrix
; contains mitochondrial DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids, proteins
Chloroplast structure
Vesicular plastid
with
double membrane
Thylakoids
;
flattened discs stack
to form
grana
; contains chlorophyll
Lamellae; tubes attaching thylakoids to adjacent grana
Stroma; fluid in matrix
Function of mitochondria
Site of
aerobic respiration
to produce
ATP
Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
to
convert solar energy
to
chemical energy.
Golgi apparatus function
Modifies
and
packages proteins
for
export
Synthesises glycoproteins.
Lysosome Function
Digests contents
of
phagosome
Exocytosis
of hydrolytic enzymes
Ribosome structure
Formed of
protein
&
rRNA
Free
in
cytoplasm
or attached to
ER
Ribosome function
Site of
protein synthesis
via
translation
Large
subunit;
joins
amino acids
Small
subunit; contains
mRNA
binding site
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Structure
Cisternae;
network
of
tubules
&
flattened sacs
extended from
cell membrane
through cytoplasm &
connects
to
nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function
Rough
ER; many
ribosomes
attached for
protein synthesis
and
transport
Smooth
ER;
lipid synthesis
Cell wall (Plant) Structure
Made of
Cellulose
Microfibrils
Plasmodesmata
; allows
molecules
to pass between
cells
Middle lamella
; a
boundary
between adjacent
cell walls
Cell wall (
Bacteria
) Structure
Made of the
polysaccharide murein
Cell wall Function
Mechanical strength
and
support
Physical barrier
against
pathogens
Part of
apoplast pathway
(
plants
) to enable easy
diffusion
of
water
Cell vacuole Structure
Surrounded by
single membrane
Tonoplast
; contains
cell sap
,
mineral ions
,
water
,
enzymes
,
soluble pigments.
Cell vacuole Function
Controls
turgor pressure
Absorbs
and
hydrolyses
potentially
harmful
substances to
detoxify cytoplasm.
Role of plasmids in prokaryotes
Ring of DNA that carries non-essential genes
Can be exchanged between bacterial cells via conjugation
Role of Flagella
Rotating tail
propels
Corkscrew
motion
Role of the capsule
Polysaccharide
layer
Provides mechanical protection
Sticks cells together
Cell wall (Fungi)
Chitin
Viruses
Acellular
&
non-living
No
cytoplasm
Cannot
self-reproduce
No
metabolism
Viral particle structure
Linear
genetic material (
DNA
or
RNA
) &
viral enzymes
e.g.
reverse transcriptase
Surrounded by
capsid
(
protein coat
made of
capsomeres
)
No
cytoplasm
Structure of enveloped virus
Simple
virus surrounded by
matrix protein
Matrix protein
surrounded by
envelope
derived from
cell membrane
of
host cell
Attachment proteins
on
surface
Role of capsid on viral particles
Protects
genetic material
Role of attachment proteins on viral particles
Enable
viral particles
to
bind
to
complementary sites
on
host cell
Entry via
endosymbiosis
How to prepare a temporary mount of tissue for an optical microscope
Obtain
thin
section of tissue
Place
plant tissue
in a
drop
of
water
Stain
tissue
on a
slide
to make
structures
visible
Add
coverslip
using
mounted needle
at
45
degrees to avoid
trapping air bubbles.
Optical Microscope
+
Colour Image
+ Can show
living
structures
+
Afforable
—
2D
— Lower resolution than EM
See all 55 cards