Reading

• Asch (1952) found that a correct majority of eleven true participants, when confronted by a deviant/incorrect minority of nine confederates, remained independent but took the minority's responses more seriously
• Minority influence is crucial for explaining social change, as seen in examples like the suffragettes in the 1920s and American anti-war rallies in the 1960s
• Moscovici (1976) and Moscovici & Faucheux (1972) highlighted the tendency for social psychology to treat group influence as a one-way process, but social influence involves conformity, innovation, and normative change
• Koriat, Adiv, & Schwarz (2016) noted that the certainty of our views depends on the amount of agreement we receive
• In the Asch experiment, participants who remained independent can be seen as conformists, while conformity involves majority influence persuading the minority or deviating to adopt the majority viewpoint
• Moscovici (1976) proposed a genetic model where conflict between the source and target of influence leads to social change
• A consistent minority with an uncompromising certainty in their position can be more influential, as seen in Mugny (1982)
• Conversion theory by Moscovici (1980, 1985a) explains how minority influence can lead to private attitude change among the majority
• Charlan Nemeth (1986, 1995) introduced the convergent-divergent theory, stating that exposure to minority influence stimulates innovation and creativity
• David and Turner (1996, 1999) found that ingroup minorities produce more indirect attitude change than outgroup minorities
• The leniency contract is established with the ingroup minority, and attribution and social impact are influenced by the number of sources of influence (Mullen, 1982)