* States of Matter and Mixtures

• solids: strong forces of attraction, fixed position in a regular lattice arrangement, particles don’t have much energy, can only vibrate.
• Liquids: some force of attraction, free to move past each other, don’t keep a definite shape, constantly moving in random motion.
• gases: no force of attraction, don’t keep an definite shape, constantly moving in random motion.
• condensing = gas -> liquid
• Evaporating = liquid -> gas
• melting = solid -> liquid
• freezing = liquid -> solid
• Subliming = solid -> gas
• simple distillation is used for separating out a liquid from a solution.
• fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of liquids into two or more liquids
• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid reaction mixture.
• chromatography is a method used to separate a mixture of soluble solute substances and identify them.
• In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is a piece of filter paper and the mobile phase is a solvent.
• Rf = distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent.
• The 3 different types of water resources are: surface water, ground water + waste water.
• the 3 steps to purifying water are: filtration, sedimentation + chlorination.
• deionised water is water that has had ions that are present in normal tap water removed.