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DNA, Cell Cycle, Heredity
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What is the purpose of DNA replication?
Ensure each new cell receives an exact copy of DNA
What are the base-pairing rules in DNA replication?
A pairs with T, C pairs with G
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
Adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand
What does topoisomerase do during DNA replication?
Relieves tension ahead of the replication fork
Match the enzyme with its role in DNA replication:
DNA Helicase ↔️ Unwinds the DNA double helix
DNA Ligase ↔️ Joins DNA fragments
What does the term "semiconservative replication" mean?
Each new DNA molecule has one original and one new strand
Order the subphases of Interphase:
1️⃣ G1 Phase
2️⃣ S Phase
3️⃣ G2 Phase
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Match the cell cycle phase with its description:
M Phase ↔️ Includes mitosis and cytokinesis
Interphase ↔️ Prepares the cell for division
What is the outcome of cytokinesis?
Two identical daughter cells
What are genes made of?
DNA
What happens when a dominant allele is paired with a recessive allele?
The dominant trait is expressed
Match the term with its definition:
Genotype ↔️ Allele combination
Phenotype ↔️ Physical expression of a trait
What does it mean for an individual to be homozygous for a trait?
They have two identical alleles
Order Mendel's Laws of Inheritance:
1️⃣ Law of Segregation
2️⃣ Law of Independent Assortment
3️⃣ Law of Dominance
What does Mendel's Law of Segregation state?
Each gamete carries only one allele
What happens to a trait coded by identical alleles?
Always expressed
What does the Law of Dominance state in heterozygous individuals?
Dominant allele masks recessive
Steps for using a Punnett Square
1️⃣ Write each parent’s genotype
2️⃣ Combine alleles within the square
3️⃣ Determine offspring genotypes
4️⃣ Determine offspring phenotypes
Where are sex-linked traits located?
X chromosome
Match the type of inheritance with its example:
Codominance ↔️ AB blood type
Incomplete Dominance ↔️ Pink snapdragon flowers
Which alleles are codominant in the ABO blood type system?
I
A
I^{A}
I
A
and
I
B
I^{B}
I
B
Match the pedigree symbol with its meaning:
Square (☐) ↔️ Male
Circle (Ο) ↔️ Female
Filled-in shape ↔️ Affected individual
Horizontal line (━) ↔️ Marriage or partnership
What is the first step in constructing a pedigree?
Start with propositus
What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype I^{A}I^{B}</latex>?
AB
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