Drawing Links

• Links between different external factors

  Racism in wider society and material deprivation are interconnected:

  Wood et al's study showed one in 9 'white' applicants got a call back for a job compared to one in 16 'ethnic minority' applicant.

  Individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds are more likely to face unemployment, leading to material deprivation. Less money for housing, equipment, food, etc leading to underachievement. 50% of children from all ethnic minority backgrounds live in low income families (compared to 25% of all white children).
• Links between different internal factors

  Labelling & pupil subcultures and pupil responses are interlinked.

  Archer= There are different labels given to students depending on their background. Ideal pupil (white middle class) Pathologised pupil (Asian, usually Indian or Chinese) and Demonised pupil (Black students or the working class). This may lead to black students internalising their labels and stop trying.

  This leads to different responses. Rebels, Retreatists, Conformists and Innovators.
• Links between internal and external factors

  Racism in wider society links to institutional racism.

  Wood et al: Employment, white individuals are more likely to find employment in jobs, including as law makers and educators.

  Marketisation of education means better schools are more likely to take on white students as they will expect them to perform better.

  The ethnocentric curriculum remains in place if those making the curriculum are ethnocentric.

  There is a higher likelihood of racial bias against ethnic minority students if the workforce has very few ethnic minority individuals.