SCIENCE

• Light rays are reflected off smooth surfaces at an equal angle to their original direction, known as specular reflection or mirror-like reflection.
• The angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection.
• The incident ray is the incoming light ray that hits the surface, while the normal line is perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point where the incident ray strikes it.
• Specular reflection happens only if there are no imperfections on the reflecting surface.
• Diffuse reflection happens on rough surfaces like paper or wood, causing scattered reflections with no clear image formed.
• Lambert's Cosine law states that the intensity of diffusely reflected light from a surface depends on the cosine of the angle between the viewer and the surface normal.
• A convex lens has its center thickest and curves outward, causing parallel light rays to converge at one focal point.
• Convex lenses have positive power (converging) and can form real images.
• Concave lenses diverge parallel rays and have a virtual focus.
• Concave lenses have their centers thinnest and curve inwards, causing parallel light rays to diverge away from two focal points.
• When light passes from a denser medium (glass) into a less dense medium (air), it slows down and bends towards the normal.
• Virtual images are produced by convex mirrors and concave lenses.
• Snell's Law describes how light changes direction when passing through an interface between different media with different refractive indices.
• The image distance is measured from the vertex of the lens/mirror to the image.
• An optical instrument that uses reflection to form an image is called a mirror.
• A real image can be projected onto a screen or viewed using a magnifying glass.
• The law states that the ratio of sine values on either side of the boundary is equal to the ratio of the speeds of light in those materials.
• Light passing through a transparent object will be bent due to refraction.
• A converging lens forms real images while a diverging lens forms virtual images.
• Convex mirrors produce virtual, erect, smaller, and laterally displaced images.
• Concave mirrors produce virtual, erect, larger, and laterally displaced images.
• Snell's law describes how light bends when it moves from one medium to another.
• Images produced by convex lenses are always upright (erect) and may be enlarged or reduced depending on their position relative to the focal point.
• REFLECTION is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror
• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
• Incident Ray- The ray of light approaching the mirror represented by an arrow approaching an optical element like mirrors.
• Reflected Ray- The ray of light which leaves the mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing away from the mirror.
• Normal Line- An imaginary line (labeled N) that can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence where the ray strikes the mirror.
• The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is known as the angle of incidence  θi.
• TYPE OF REFLECTION 1. Specular/Regular Reflection 2. Diffussed/Irregular Refection
• SPECULAR REFLECTION - A type of reflection that occurs when light rays are reflected off smooth surfaces, such as glass or water. In this case, the angles of incidence and reflection are equal.
• DIFFUSE REFLECTION - A type of reflection that occurs when light rays are scattered over a wide range of directions due to irregularities on the reflecting surface. This results in no clear image being formed.