Curriculum

• Foundations of Curriculum Development:
• Curriculum development is anchored on a solid foundation
• Significance of curriculum development in light of global developments has been acknowledged
• Philosophical, historical, psychological, and sociological influences inform the current school curriculum
• Identified curricularists with foundations include John Dewey, Wiliam Bagley, Theodore Brameld, and others
• Philosophical Foundations:
• Educators must have a philosophy about education and schooling
• Philosophy of the curriculum answers questions like: What are schools for? What subjects are important? How should students learn?
• Philosophies in education include Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism
• Historical Foundations:
• Curriculum development started with Franklin Bobbit, who emphasized students' needs
• Contributors to curriculum development include Werret Charters, William Kilpartick, Harold Rugg, and others
• Psychological Foundation of Curriculum:
• Psychology provides a basis to understand the teaching and learning process
• Learning theories include behaviorism, cognitive-information processing, and humanities theories
• Theories by Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Howard Gardner, and others are relevant
• Social Foundations of Curriculum:
• Social pressures influence the characteristics of students who experience the curriculum
• Schools may be a major factor in the improvement of society by helping young people develop the capacity to respond intelligently to social problems
• Theorists like Emile Durkheim, Alvin Toffler, Paolo Freire, John Goodlad, and William Pinar have contributed to shaping the curriculum
• Conrad Gesner (1516-1565)
• Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1590)
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694)
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
• Nehemial Grew (1841-1712)
• Henri Joachim Dutrochet (1776-1847)
• Robert Brown (1773-1858)
• Johannes E. Purkinje (1787-1869)
• Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881)
• Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)
• Albert von Kolliker. (1817-1905)
• Felix Dujardin (1835)
• Max Schultze (1861)
• Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)
• Hugo von Mohl in 1837
• Charles Emest Overton (1865-1933)
• Cyril Dean Darlington FRS (1903-1981)
• Nikolai K. Koltsov (1903)