Lungs

• What does a spirometer measure?

  The volume of air in the lungs
• What is tidal volume?

  The volume of air breathed at rest
• What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

  The maximum volume of air exhaled in one breath
• What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV₁)?

  The volume of air exhaled in one second
• What is residual volume?

  The air remaining after full exhalation
• What happens to the lungs in fibrosis?

  Scar tissue forms, making lungs less elastic
• How does fibrosis affect gas exchange?

  Thicker alveolar walls slow diffusion
• What causes emphysema?

  Long-term smoking or air pollution
• What happens to alveoli in emphysema?

  Elastin is broken down, reducing stretch
• How does emphysema affect gas exchange?

  Surface area is reduced, gas exchange is less efficient
• What is the formula for pulmonary ventilation rate?

  Pulmonary Ventilation Rate = Tidal Volume × Ventilation Rate
• Why do people with lung disease breathe faster?

  To compensate for reduced oxygen uptake