Cultural factors

• Hubbs-Tait et al- (Language) Parents that challenged their children to evaluate their own understandings/abilities led to improved cognitive performance -> Feinstein found that educated parents are more likely to use language this way
• Bernstein- Language codes
• Douglas- W/C parents placed less value on education and therefore encouraged their children less
• Bernstein and Young- M/C parents were more likely to buy educational toys and equipment to stimulate intellectual development. They also buy more nutritional food as they have a better understanding of nutrition
• Sugarman- W/C subculture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement: Fatalism (whatever will be, will be), Collectivism (valuing loyalty to group than independent success), Immediate Gratification and Present-time orientation (present more important than future)
• Keddie - Cultural Deprivation is a myth: W/C children are simply culturally different, not deprived
• Bourdieu - three types of capital: cultural, economic and educational