1.8 Constitutional Interpretations of Federalism

• What is the definition of federalism?

  Division of power
• The Tenth Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.
• The Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress the authority to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers
• What does the Commerce Clause empower Congress to regulate?

  Interstate commerce
• Match the court case with its significance:

  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ↔️ Affirmed federal supremacy

  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ↔️ Broadened interstate commerce
• What does the Necessary and Proper Clause enable Congress to do?

  Execute enumerated powers
• A broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress to enact laws reasonably related to its enumerated powers
• McCulloch v. Maryland upheld the establishment of a national bank as necessary for managing national finances.
• Which other clause often overlaps with the Necessary and Proper Clause to expand federal authority?

  Commerce Clause
• Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a national and regional governments
• What is the dual purpose of the Necessary and Proper Clause in Article I, Section 8?

  Execute enumerated powers
• Which court case affirmed a broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause?

  McCulloch v. Maryland
• The U.S. v. Comstock case upheld a federal law detaining sexually dangerous prisoners after they served their sentences.
• Match the concept with its description:

  Tenth Amendment ↔️ Reserves powers to states

  Necessary and Proper Clause ↔️ Enables Congress to act
• The Tenth Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states
• The Tenth Amendment is crucial for preserving state sovereignty.
• Match the government level with its powers and constitutional basis:

  Federal ↔️ Enumerated powers (e.g., national defense, foreign policy), Articles I & II of the Constitution

  State ↔️ Reserved powers (e.g., education, law enforcement), Tenth Amendment
• Implied powers are derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause in $Article I, Section 8$ of the Constitution
• Which Supreme Court case established the concept of implied powers?

  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause.
• Federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between a national government and state governments.
• What are three key constitutional bases of federalism?

  Tenth Amendment, Necessary and Proper Clause, Commerce Clause
• Match the government level with its roles and constitutional basis:

  Federal ↔️ National defense, foreign policy, interstate commerce, Necessary and Proper Clause

  State ↔️ Education, law enforcement, local commerce, Tenth Amendment
• Which Supreme Court case affirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws?

  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• The Necessary and Proper Clause has been interpreted in two main ways: broad and narrow.
• A broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause allows laws reasonably related to enumerated powers.
• Which Supreme Court case supports a broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause?

  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• The Necessary and Proper Clause empowers Congress to make laws necessary for executing its enumerated powers
• What does the narrow interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause require?

  Direct connection to enumerated powers
• Match the interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause with its description and a key case:

  Broad Interpretation ↔️ Reasonably related to enumerated powers; McCulloch v. Maryland

  Narrow Interpretation ↔️ Direct connection to enumerated powers; No defining case
• McCulloch v. Maryland is a key case for the broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
• The Tenth Amendment reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people
• What are examples of powers reserved to the states under the Tenth Amendment?

  Education, law enforcement, local commerce
• Match the government level with its powers and constitutional basis:

  Federal ↔️ National defense, foreign policy; Articles I & II

  State ↔️ Education, law enforcement; Tenth Amendment
• What is the constitutional basis for implied powers?

  Necessary and Proper Clause
• McCulloch v. Maryland established that Congress has the power to create a national bank as an implied power.
• The commerce clause empowers Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among states, and with Indian tribes
• Which case expanded federal authority under the commerce clause by allowing regulation of wheat grown for personal consumption?

  Wickard v. Filburn
• U.S. v. Lopez limited the commerce clause by ruling that federal regulation of guns in schools exceeded its scope.
• Match the type of federalism with its key features:

  Dual Federalism ↔️ Clear division of powers; Layer cake federalism

  Cooperative Federalism ↔️ Shared responsibilities; Marble cake federalism