4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts

• What was the Enlightenment driven by as an intellectual and cultural movement of the 18th century?

  Core principles
• The Enlightenment emphasized the value of individual rights, autonomy, and freedoms
• The Enlightenment advocated for tolerance of diverse viewpoints.
• Match the Enlightenment figure with their key contribution:

  John Locke ↔️ Natural rights and limited government

  Voltaire ↔️ Freedom of speech and tolerance

  Jean-Jacques Rousseau ↔️ Social contract and popular sovereignty
• Order the key principles of the Enlightenment based on their primary emphasis:

  1️⃣ Rationality

  2️⃣ Individualism

  3️⃣ Progress

  4️⃣ Tolerance
• What did René Descartes famously state to emphasize the power of reason in understanding existence?

  Cogito, ergo \sum</latex>
• John Locke argued that individuals are born with a blank slate called tabula rasa
• John Locke believed that government should be based on natural rights and consent of the governed.
• What is the core belief of empiricism regarding the source of knowledge?

  Sensory experience
• Social Contract Theory suggests that government should protect natural rights
• Match the philosophical idea with its key belief:

  Rationalism ↔️ Knowledge comes from innate ideas

  Empiricism ↔️ Knowledge is derived from observation

  Social Contract Theory ↔️ Government should be based on consent
• Empiricism posits that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation
• Social Contract Theory explores the relationship between individuals and their government.
• Rationalism emphasizes the power of reason and logic
• John Locke argued that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation
• Rousseau emphasized the general will in Social Contract Theory
• Match the philosophical idea with its key figure:

  Rationalism ↔️ René Descartes

  Empiricism ↔️ John Locke

  Social Contract Theory ↔️ Locke, Rousseau
• These philosophical concepts significantly influenced political reforms and societal development in Europe
• What were the major philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment?

  Rationalism, Empiricism, Social Contract Theory
• Who is a central figure in Rationalism?

  René Descartes
• Empiricism posits that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation.
• Which philosopher advocated for government based on consent of the governed?

  John Locke
• The Scientific Revolution influenced culture and arts by introducing new scientific methods
• Which artist applied scientific principles to depict human anatomy realistically?

  Leonardo da Vinci
• Mathematical proportions became prevalent in Renaissance architecture after the Scientific Revolution.
• Match the feature with the correct period in art history:

  Religious themes ↔️ Art Before Scientific Revolution

  Realistic depiction ↔️ Art After Scientific Revolution
• What were the two major art movements of the 18th century?

  Neoclassicism and Rococo
• Neoclassicism emphasized classical themes, order, and symmetry
• Which Rococo artist is known for "The Swing"?

  Jean-Honoré Fragonard
• Jacques-Louis David's "The Oath of the Horatii" exemplifies Neoclassicism.
• Match the key principle with its description and influencer:

  Rationality ↔️ Using reason and logic | Locke, Voltaire

  Individualism ↔️ Valuing rights and freedoms | Locke, Rousseau
• What does Descartes' famous statement "Cogito, ergo sum" mean?

  "I think, therefore I am"
• John Locke argued that individuals are born with a blank slate, known as a tabula rasa.
• What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasize in Social Contract Theory?

  General will
• The Scientific Revolution led artists to explore human anatomy with greater accuracy.
• Which mathematical concepts influenced composition and perspective in art?

  Mathematical proportions
• Art before the Scientific Revolution relied heavily on religious and mythological themes.
• Which Neoclassical artist is known for "The Oath of the Horatii"?

  Jacques-Louis David
• Jean-Honoré Fragonard's "The Swing" is an example of Rococo art.
• Which Rococo artist is known for light, decorative, and romantic paintings?

  Jean-Honoré Fragonard