4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics

• In the 18th century, European society was structured around a system of three estates
• What was the role of the clergy in 18th-century European society?

  Spiritual guidance, education
• The nobility in 18th-century Europe enjoyed hereditary privileges and tax exemptions.
• Agricultural laborers in 18th-century Europe were known as peasants
• Which social class in 18th-century Europe was gaining wealth and influence through trade and finance?

  Bourgeoisie
• Match the social class with its description:

  Clergy ↔️ Religious leaders

  Nobility ↔️ Aristocrats with land

  Peasants ↔️ Agricultural laborers

  Bourgeoisie ↔️ Merchants and professionals

  Artisans ↔️ Skilled craftsmen
• What percentage of the population in 18th-century Europe lived in rural areas?

  80%
• Urban centers in 18th-century Europe grew with increasing economic opportunities
• Literacy rates were uniform across all classes and regions in 18th-century Europe.

  False
• Order the social classes of 18th-century Europe from highest to lowest based on their privileges and influence:

  1️⃣ Clergy

  2️⃣ Nobility

  3️⃣ Peasants
• What were the three estates of 18th-century European society?

  Clergy, Nobility, Commoners
• The Commoners estate included Peasants, Bourgeoisie, and Artisans, who together formed the largest social group
• In the 18th century, approximately 80% of the European population lived in rural areas.
• What was the primary role of the Clergy in 18th-century society?

  Spiritual authority and land ownership
• The Nobility enjoyed hereditary privileges and were exempt from paying taxes
• Why did urban centers grow in the 18th century?

  Increasing economic opportunities
• Match the demographic characteristic with its corresponding area:

  Population Distribution ↔️ Approximately 80% in rural areas

  Economic Opportunities ↔️ Increasing in urban centers
• Demographically, $80\%$ of the population in 18th-century Europe lived in rural
• Cities like Paris and London experienced significant growth due to trade and industrialization.
• What percentage of the population in 18th-century Europe lived in rural areas?

  $80\%$
• The movement of peasants to urban areas for employment led to a shift in the labor market.
• What were three key factors that drove population growth in the 18th century?

  Agricultural productivity, sanitation, reduced mortality rates
• Match the factor influencing population growth with its impact:

  Agricultural Productivity ↔️ Increased food supply

  Improved Sanitation ↔️ Reduced disease spread

  Lower Mortality Rates ↔️ Higher life expectancy
• What were the three estates in 18th-century European society?

  Clergy, nobility, commoners
• The clergy in 18th-century society held spiritual authority and owned land
• Nobility in 18th-century Europe had hereditary privileges and land ownership.
• What groups were included in the commoners estate?

  Peasants, bourgeoisie, artisans
• Key social classes and their characteristics in 18th-century European society can be summarized in a table
• What privileges did the clergy enjoy in 18th-century society?

  Exempt from taxes, land ownership
• The nobility in 18th-century Europe had hereditary privileges and tax exemptions.
• Peasants in 18th-century Europe faced heavy taxes and had few privileges
• What role did the bourgeoisie play in 18th-century European society?

  Growing economic power
• Artisans in 18th-century Europe depended on demand for their crafts.
• What percentage of the 18th-century European population lived in rural areas?

  $80\%$
• In 18th-century Europe, urban centers grew due to increasing economic opportunities
• Demographically, urban centers in 18th-century Europe attracted a significant portion of the population.
• Key impacts of urbanization in 18th-century Europe

  1️⃣ Economic changes: Increased trade and industrial production

  2️⃣ Shifts in labor: Peasants move to urban areas

  3️⃣ Social impacts: Urban cultures develop, social mobility increases
• What was one economic impact of urbanization in 18th-century Europe?

  Increased trade and production
• Urbanization in 18th-century Europe led to increased social mobility
• What percentage of the population remained in rural areas during the 18th century in Europe?

  $80\%$