2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion

• The Age of Reformation spanned from 1450 to 1648
• Who were two key figures of the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther, John Calvin
• Protestants challenged Catholic dominance due to theological differences and corruption
• European monarchs used religion to assert control over their territories during the Wars of Religion.
• What economic factor exacerbated religious tensions during the Reformation?

  Economic competition
• The Protestant Reformation began during the Age of Reformation
• Chronological order of the Reformation's key events

  1️⃣ Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses

  2️⃣ Spread of Protestant ideas by the printing press

  3️⃣ Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants

  4️⃣ The Thirty Years' War

  5️⃣ The end of the Age of Reformation in 1648
• Which major conflict was fueled by religious, political, and economic tensions during the Wars of Religion?

  Thirty Years' War
• Simony and indulgences were examples of corruption within the Catholic Church that led to the Reformation.
• What document questioned papal authority and the efficacy of sacraments?

  Ninety-Five Theses
• The printing press allowed for widespread dissemination of reformist ideas and pamphlets
• What concept encouraged critical thinking and questioning of tradition during the Reformation?

  Humanism
• The printing press allowed for widespread dissemination of reformist ideas during the Reformation.
• Corruption within the Church and theological disagreements led to challenges to papal authority
• What political factor enabled rulers to assert control over their territories during the Reformation?

  Nationalism
• The wealth of the Church and emerging capitalism caused resentment during the Reformation.
• Match the reformer with their key theological contribution:

  Martin Luther ↔️ Sola Fide

  John Calvin ↔️ Predestination

  Ulrich Zwingli ↔️ Symbolic Eucharist

  Henry VIII ↔️ Established Church of England
• What theological concept did Martin Luther emphasize?

  Sola Fide
• Henry VIII established the Church of England to gain greater royal power.
• The Age of Reformation began in 1450
• What major conflict was partly fueled by the Wars of Religion?

  Thirty Years' War
• Corruption within the Church and theological disagreements led to the Reformation.
• What political impact did nationalism have during the Reformation?

  Enabled rulers to assert control
• Emerging capitalism and the wealth of the Church caused resentment over wealth control
• What social factors encouraged critical thinking and dissemination of reformist ideas?

  Humanism and the printing press
• John Calvin's doctrine of predestination influenced political and social structures in Geneva.
• Arrange the major religious wars of the Reformation by time period:

  1️⃣ Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
• What three factors drove the major religious wars of the Reformation?

  Religious, political, economic
• The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War
• The Thirty Years' War led to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
• What document granted tolerance to Huguenots in France?

  Edict of Nantes
• The Eighty Years' War resulted in the independence of the Netherlands
• Match the war with its outcome:

  Thirty Years' War ↔️ Treaty of Westphalia

  French Wars of Religion ↔️ Edict of Nantes

  Eighty Years' War ↔️ Independence of the Netherlands
• Which major religious war involved Protestant and Catholic states within the Holy Roman Empire?

  Thirty Years' War
• The religious wars of the Reformation contributed to the decline of the Catholic Church's authority
• What was a key social impact of the Reformation on education?

  Improved literacy rates
• The Reformation led to a greater emphasis on personal spirituality within families.
• The Reformation led to the rise of strong nation-states independent of the Church
• What was a consequence of the emergence of Protestant denominations during the Reformation?

  Increased religious pluralism