2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation

• What were the three major factors that fueled the Protestant Reformation?

  Corruption, Papal authority, Humanism
• Many felt that the Church had become too worldly and materialistic, neglecting spiritual needs
• Humanist scholars challenged the traditional interpretations of the papacy.
• How did Humanism influence the Protestant Reformation?

  Emphasized individual faith
• When was Martin Luther born?

  November 10, 1483
• Luther pursued legal studies at the University of Erfurt
• What event led Luther to abandon legal studies and become a monk?

  A severe thunderstorm
• As a monk, Luther questioned the Church's teachings on salvation and faith.
• Match the aspects of Luther's legal and theological studies:

  Legal Studies ↔️ Law, rhetoric, philosophy

  Theological Studies ↔️ Theology, scripture, faith
• Luther posted The 95 Theses on the door of Wittenberg Castle Church
• What was Luther's main argument against indulgences?

  They could not remit sins
• Luther believed that the Pope had the authority to grant indulgences.

  False
• Luther argued that forgiveness could only come through repentance and faith
• What impact did The 95 Theses have on the Church?

  Sparked widespread debate
• What event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther posted The 95 Theses
• The 95 Theses challenged the sale of indulgences
• Indulgences could release souls from purgatory according to Luther's Theses.

  False
• According to Luther, what is the only way God forgives sins?

  Sincere repentance and faith
• Luther argued that the Pope did not have the authority to grant indulgences
• The 95 Theses claimed indulgences could reduce punishment for sins.

  False
• What is Luther's first core belief about justification?

  Justification by faith alone
• Luther believed the Bible was the ultimate source of religious truth.
• Luther's belief in the priesthood of all believers eliminated the need for priests
• How did Luther's view on justification differ from Catholic teaching?

  By faith alone vs. faith and good works
• Factors that fueled the Protestant Reformation

  1️⃣ Corruption within the Church

  2️⃣ Questioning Papal Authority

  3️⃣ Influence of Humanism
• Humanist scholars challenged traditional interpretations of the papacy.
• The emphasis on individual faith and scripture interpretation was promoted by Humanism
• Where was Martin Luther born?

  Eisleben, Germany
• Luther's educational and career changes

  1️⃣ Legal studies at Erfurt

  2️⃣ Joins Augustinian monastery

  3️⃣ Focuses on theological studies
• The 95 Theses were posted on October 31, 1517
• Luther believed the Pope had the authority to forgive sins.

  False
• What did Luther believe about indulgences and purgatory?

  Ineffective for forgiveness
• Match the aspect with Luther's view or Catholic teaching:

  Indulgences ↔️ Ineffective for forgiveness

  Forgiveness ↔️ Repentance and faith

  Papal Authority ↔️ Limited in granting indulgences
• What is Luther's belief on justification?

  By faith alone
• Luther believed the Bible was the sole authority.
• Luther believed all believers were their own priests
• What were two reasons why princes and nobles supported Luther's ideas?

  Break from Catholic control and seize Church lands
• Humanist scholars supported Luther because they appreciated his emphasis on biblical authority.
• What did the Catholic Church do in response to Luther's teachings?

  Excommunicated Luther
• Princes and nobles supported Luther to gain land