1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery

• What is causation in history?

  Relationship between cause and effect
• Understanding causation helps historians interpret the chain of events
• Match the political structures with the corresponding period:

  Renaissance ↔️ City-states and emerging nation-states

  Age of Discovery ↔️ Consolidated nation-states with powerful monarchies
• Which city-states fostered artistic and intellectual creativity during the Renaissance?

  Florence and Venice
• Consolidated nation-states such as Spain and Portugal drove exploration during the Age of Discovery.
• During the Age of Discovery, monarchies aimed to discover new sources of wealth
• Order the economic developments from the Renaissance to the Age of Discovery:

  1️⃣ Growth of trade networks within Europe

  2️⃣ Exploration of new trade routes to Asia and the Americas

  3️⃣ Introduction of new banking instruments

  4️⃣ Development of joint-stock companies
• What is the key outcome of understanding causation in history?

  Interpreting historical events
• Match the political and social contexts with the corresponding period:

  Renaissance ↔️ Rise of independent city-states

  Age of Discovery ↔️ Emergence of consolidated nation-states
• During the Age of Discovery, monarchies and companies aimed to discover new sources of wealth like gold and spices
• The astrolabe was essential for maritime navigation during the Age of Discovery.
• What technological innovation increased literacy during the Renaissance?

  Printing press
• The Renaissance saw the emergence of Renaissance Humanism
• Match the cultural and intellectual developments with the corresponding period:

  Renaissance ↔️ Revival of classical themes in art

  Age of Discovery ↔️ Advancements in navigation and cartography
• Which artist is associated with the Renaissance revival of classical themes in art?

  Leonardo da Vinci
• The Renaissance emphasis on philosophy influenced explorers' world views during the Age of Discovery.
• The Renaissance saw the emergence of Renaissance Humanism, which focused on classical learning and individualism.
• Scientific inquiry during the Renaissance emphasized empirical observation and experimentation.
• Match the Renaissance development with its focus:

  Art and Literature ↔️ Revival of classical themes

  Scientific Inquiry ↔️ Empirical observation

  Philosophy ↔️ Humanism and classical texts
• The works of Leonardo da Vinci exemplify the Renaissance focus on human anatomy and empirical observation.
• Renaissance Humanism encouraged curiosity and motivated explorers to learn about the world.
• Order the effects of the Renaissance on exploration:

  1️⃣ Increased scientific inquiry

  2️⃣ Advancements in navigation

  3️⃣ Improved mapmaking techniques

  4️⃣ Motivated explorers to seek new lands
• Match the political and social context with the corresponding period:

  Renaissance ↔️ Independent city-states

  Age of Discovery ↔️ Strong national monarchies
• During the Age of Discovery, monarchies and companies aimed to discover new sources of wealth like gold and spices.
• The printing press increased literacy and spread humanist ideas during the Renaissance.
• Match the technological innovation with its primary use:

  Astrolabe ↔️ Latitude measurement

  Compass ↔️ Precise navigation

  Advanced shipbuilding ↔️ Longer and safer voyages
• Accurate mapmaking depended on the formula $\text{Distance} =$$\text{Speed} \times \text{Time}$, which was vital for plotting sea routes
• Humanism during the Renaissance encouraged curiosity and a desire to learn about the world
• What improvement in mapmaking techniques allowed for more accurate navigation during the Renaissance?

  Cartography
• Advanced ship designs during the Renaissance facilitated longer and safer voyages
• What formula was used to calculate longitude during the Age of Discovery?

  $\text{Longitude} =$$\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Angle of Meridian Difference}}$
• The Renaissance fostered a new era of discovery and expansion.
• What economic outcome resulted from the encounter with diverse cultures during exploration?

  New trade routes
• Match the key areas with their corresponding features in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery:

  Political Structures (Renaissance) ↔️ Independent city-states

  Political Structures (Age of Discovery) ↔️ Consolidated monarchies

  Economic Motives (Renaissance) ↔️ Expanding local trade networks

  Economic Motives (Age of Discovery) ↔️ Discovering new trade routes
• The compass and astrolabe enabled precise navigation
• The Renaissance emphasized localized growth, while the Age of Discovery focused on overseas exploration.