3.2.2 Internal Energy

• Internal energy is the total energy of all the particles within a system
• Internal energy is composed of kinetic and potential energy.
• Match the energy type with its description:

  Kinetic Energy ↔️ Energy due to motion

  Potential Energy ↔️ Energy due to position
• The kinetic energy of particles is calculated using the formula KE
• The kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature.
• Higher temperature leads to faster particle motion
• Internal energy is composed of kinetic energy and potential
• Kinetic energy depends on the mass and velocity of particles.
• Match the energy type with its primary factor:

  Kinetic Energy ↔️ Velocity

  Potential Energy ↔️ Intermolecular forces
• Lowering the temperature of a system decreases the kinetic energy of particles.
• In gases, particles have the lowest potential energy due to weak intermolecular forces
• Solids have high potential energy due to strong intermolecular forces.
• During a phase transition from liquid to gas, potential energy increases
• Order the phase changes from lowest to highest energy absorption:

  1️⃣ Melting

  2️⃣ Boiling
• Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a solid to a liquid.
• The energy required for a change of state is calculated using the formula mL
• Kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature.
• What is the formula for kinetic energy of a particle?

  $KE =$$\frac{1}{2}mv^{2}$
• Kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature
• Potential energy depends primarily on intermolecular forces between particles.
• Which phase has the highest potential energy due to strong intermolecular forces?

  Solid
• Changes in internal energy cause shifts in the states of matter, which include solid, liquid, and gas
• Arrange the following phase transition processes in order of increasing energy absorption:

  1️⃣ Melting

  2️⃣ Boiling
• Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without changing its temperature.
• What is the formula for specific heat capacity?

  $E =$$mc\Delta T$
• Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J/kg°C, which is higher than aluminium or steel
• How is the change in internal energy calculated using specific heat capacity?

  $E =$$mc\Delta T$
• Specific latent heat is measured in joules per kilogram (J/kg).
• Match the type of latent heat with its corresponding change of state:

  Specific latent heat of fusion ↔️ Solid to liquid

  Specific latent heat of vaporization ↔️ Liquid to gas
• What are the two main components of internal energy?

  Kinetic and potential energy
• As temperature increases, particles move faster, leading to higher kinetic energy
• Potential energy in gases is high due to strong intermolecular forces.

  False
• What happens to particle motion as temperature increases?

  It becomes faster
• At high temperature, particles have high kinetic energy
• What is potential energy of particles dependent on?

  Intermolecular forces
• Particles in solids have the highest potential energy compared to liquids and gases
• Arrange the phases of matter in order of decreasing potential energy

  1️⃣ Solid

  2️⃣ Liquid

  3️⃣ Gas
• Match the phase of matter with its intermolecular forces and potential energy

  Solid ↔️ Strong forces, high potential energy

  Liquid ↔️ Moderate forces, moderate potential energy

  Gas ↔️ Weak forces, low potential energy
• When heat is added to a substance, it increases either kinetic or potential energy
• Melting involves increasing both kinetic and potential energy