Psychiatric p1

• Psychiatric-Mental Nursing is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential mental health problems.
• Psychiatric-Mental Nursing is concerned with the promotion of mental health, prevention of mental disorders, and the nursing care of patients during mental illness and rehabilitation
• Psychiatric-Mental Nursing uses theories of human behavior and requires purposeful use of self.
• Psychiatric-Mental Nursing is the promotion of optimum health for society.
• Ancient Times:

  • Insanity was associated with sin and demonic possession
• Middle Ages:

  • ABCs of community response before the modern era of Psychiatric care (Rosenblatt): Assistance, Banishment, and Confinement.
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush - Father of American Psychiatry
• 18th Century:

  Philippe Pinel:

  • Advocate of kindness and moral treatment
• 18th Century:

  William Tuke:

  • English merchant who started a 4 year dynasty
• 18th Century:

  Franz Anton Mesmer:

  • Precursor of Mesmerism
• The 19th Century: The Evolution of Psychiatric Nurse
• 20th Century: The Era of Psychiatry
• 1960's: Period of Community Mental Health
• 21st Century: Neuroscience and Genetics
• The Bible of Psychiatry:

  • DSM-5
• Psychiatric-mental Health Nursing:

  interpersonal process to provide the individual, family, group, or community with both corrective and preventative life experiences that enhance human potential and delimit maladaptive functioning.
• 18th Century Contributors:

  • Benjamin Rush
  • Philippe Pinel
  • William Tuke
  • Franz Anton Mesmer
• 1950's: The Advent of Somatic Therapies
• Psychiatric-Mental Nursing affects the whole human domain, including the physical and psychological well-being of people with behavioral problem.
• Ancient Times:

  • Healers used rituals, herbs, ointments, and precious stones
• Ancient Times:

  • Treatment was sometimes inhumane and brutal
• Ancient Times:

  • Aristotle attempted to relate mental disorders to physical disorders
• Ancient Times:

  • In early Christian times, primitive beliefs and superstitions were strong
• Middle Ages:

  • Assistance: provided food and money and often enabled the family to maintain its integrity as a unit
• Middle Ages:

  • Banishment: led to wandering bands of “lunatics… living no one cared how, and dying no one cared where”. The infamous “Ship of Fools”- boatloads of the mentally disordered cast out to sea to find their “right minds”- occurred during this period
• Middle Ages:

  • Confinement: Most restrictive method. The old and young, men, women, criminals and paupers were indiscriminately mixed.
• Middle Ages:

  • 1st Asylum: St. Mary of Bethlehem
• Middle Ages:

  • 14th Century: Asylum as home for the destitute and afflicted.
• Middle Ages:

  • 15th and 17th Century: Asylum as repositories for prolonged enclosure of chronic mental illness.
• Middle Ages: Characteristics of an insane patient:

  1. No feelings
  2. Lack of Understanding
  3. Treated Like Animals
  4. Violent (Untranquil and convalescing)
  5. Poorly Clothed and Fed
  6. Chained or Caged
  7. Deprived from Heat and Sunlight
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush

  • emphasized the need for pleasant surroundings and diversional and moral treatment for the mentally ill
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush

  • Invented the tranquilizer chair and gyrator
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush

  • Tranquilizer chair – the person’s extremities were strapped down so that reduction of motor activities and pulse rates would produce calming effects
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush

  • Gyrator: a form of shock therapy where a person is strapped and moved at high speed into a rotating, swinging platform to increase cerebral circulation
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush - Believed that mental illness is caused by:

  • Irritation of the blood vessels in the brain
  • Blood letting or blood donation
  • Hot and cold baths - triggers the signs and symptoms of insanity
  • Harsh Purgatives and Emetics
• 18th Century:

  Benjamin Rush - cures for the disease

  • Bleeding
  • Purging
  • Hot and cold baths
  • Mercury
• 18th Century:

  • French and American Revolution
  • Abolition of slavery = equal rights
• 18th Century:

  Philippe Pinel:

  • Proved that releasing the insane from shackles and chains improved their prospect, emphasizing an atmosphere of kindness and understanding (societal attitude) = changes in french institutions
• 18th Century:

  Philippe Pinel - Superintendent of:

  • Bicetre - Men
  • Salpietre - Women
• 18th Century:

  William Tuke:

  • Opened the York retreat, providing a place in which the unhappy may obtain refuge