9.3.4 Cultural Bias in Psychology

• Cultural bias in psychology refers to the tendency to interpret and judge human behavior based on the values and norms of one's own culture
• Ethnocentrism involves the belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
• Steps leading to cultural bias in research

  1️⃣ Methodological differences

  2️⃣ Standardization

  3️⃣ Interpretation
• Match the concept with its definition:

  Cultural Bias ↔️ Interpreting behavior based on own standards

  Cultural Relativism ↔️ Understanding behavior in cultural context
• Cultural relativism emphasizes respect for cultural diversity
• The emic perspective examines phenomena from within a culture's own terms.
• The etic perspective applies a universal framework across different cultures
• Ethnocentrism leads to cultural bias by misapplying cultural norms to other societies.
• Assuming a Western-style psychological assessment is universally applicable is an example of ethnocentrism
• Match the feature with the correct concept:

  Ethnocentrism ↔️ Belief in cultural superiority

  Cultural Relativism ↔️ Understanding cultural differences
• Ethnocentrism can cause misinterpretations and unfair comparisons when analyzing data from different cultures.
• What is an example of ethnocentrism in psychological assessment?

  Western-style assessment universally applied
• To understand the impact of ethnocentrism, it's helpful to contrast it with cultural relativism
• Match the feature with the correct cultural perspective:

  View of own culture ↔️ Superior in ethnocentrism ||| Equal among others in cultural relativism

  Interpretation of other cultures ↔️ Based on own cultural standards in ethnocentrism ||| Within their own cultural context in cultural relativism

  Result ↔️ Misinterpretations in ethnocentrism ||| Fair understanding in cultural relativism
• What is the belief at the core of ethnocentrism?

  Own culture is superior
• Ethnocentrism leads to the misapplication of cultural norms to other societies, resulting in cultural bias
• Assuming a Western-style psychological assessment is universally applicable is an example of ethnocentrism.
• Steps for ensuring validity in research using cultural relativism:

  1️⃣ Ensure accurate interpretation of cultural behaviors

  2️⃣ Prevent stereotyping

  3️⃣ Improve validity of findings
• What is the perspective used in cultural relativism to examine phenomena within a culture's own terms?

  Emic perspective
• Cultural relativism promotes fair assessment and understanding of cultural differences.
• Match the feature with the correct cultural perspective:

  Perspective ↔️ Emic in cultural relativism ||| Etic in ethnocentrism

  Understanding ↔️ Within own cultural context in cultural relativism ||| Based on own cultural standards in ethnocentrism

  Result ↔️ Fair assessment in cultural relativism ||| Misinterpretation in ethnocentrism
• Cultural bias is closely related to ethnocentrism
• What are two factors that can lead to cultural bias in research?

  Methodological differences and standardization issues
• Cultural bias arises from misinterpreting cultural context.
• Match the feature with the correct cultural concept:

  Definition ↔️ Interpreting behavior based on own cultural standards in cultural bias ||| Understanding behavior within its cultural context in cultural relativism

  Key Aspect ↔️ Ethnocentrism in cultural bias ||| Respect for cultural diversity in cultural relativism

  Result ↔️ Misinterpretations in cultural bias ||| Fair assessment in cultural relativism
• What is the key benefit of cultural relativism in research?

  Prevents stereotypes
• Cultural bias involves interpreting behavior based on one's own cultural standards
• Cultural relativism uses an emic perspective to examine phenomena from within a culture's own terms
• An emic perspective ensures a deeper understanding of cultural values
• Match the feature with the correct cultural approach:

  Ethnocentrism ↔️ Superior view of own culture

  Cultural Relativism ↔️ Equal view of all cultures
• Steps to ensure cultural relativism in research

  1️⃣ Ensure accurate interpretation of cultural behaviors

  2️⃣ Prevent stereotyping

  3️⃣ Improve validity of findings
• Imposed etic refers to the application of a universal framework without considering cultural differences
• An imposed etic approach leads to cultural understanding

  False
• Match the research approach with its outcome:

  Imposed Etic ↔️ Cultural bias

  Emic Perspective ↔️ Cultural understanding
• Cultural bias in research occurs when studies are designed based on the researcher's own cultural norms
• Cultural relativism involves understanding behaviors within their own cultural context
• Match the research approach with its description:

  Culturally Biased Research ↔️ Imposed etic approach

  Culturally Relative Research ↔️ Emic perspective
• A study using Western diagnostic criteria without considering cultural-specific distress may lead to inaccurate diagnoses
• Cultural bias in mental health research can result in misinterpretations
• What may result from cultural-specific expressions of distress in research?

  Inaccurate diagnoses