11.5.4 Reporting Findings

• What are the two key components needed to start a research study?

  Research question and hypotheses
• A research question is a specific query that guides the investigation, while hypotheses are testable predictions
• There are two main types of hypotheses: null and alternative.
• Match the hypothesis type with its definition:

  Null Hypothesis ↔️ Predicts no effect

  Alternative Hypothesis ↔️ Predicts an effect
• What does the null hypothesis ($H0$) predict?


  No effect or difference
• What does the alternative hypothesis ($H1$) predict?


  An effect or difference
• A null hypothesis predicts no effect, while an alternative hypothesis predicts an effect
• An example of a null hypothesis is "There is no difference in memory recall between males and females."
• An example of an alternative hypothesis is "There is a difference in memory recall between males and females."
• If the research question is "Is there a difference in memory recall between males and females?", the null hypothesis is "there is no difference
• Match the data approach with its characteristics:

  Quantitative Data ↔️ Numerical, measured statistically

  Qualitative Data ↔️ Descriptive, explores experiences
• What type of data is numerical and analyzed statistically?

  Quantitative data
• What type of data captures experiences and attitudes in detail?

  Qualitative data
• The introduction of a research report provides a brief overview of the study's aims and hypotheses
• The purpose of the introduction is to explain why the research was conducted.
• What is a research question in psychological research?

  Specific query guiding investigation
• The null hypothesis predicts no effect
• Data in psychological research can be collected using quantitative and qualitative approaches.
• What is an example of quantitative data collection in psychology?

  Measuring anxiety levels
• What are the two main approaches for collecting data in psychological research?

  Quantitative and Qualitative
• Quantitative data is numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically
• What type of data captures experiences, attitudes, and behaviors in detail?

  Qualitative data
• Quantitative data uses structured questionnaires and experiments to collect data
• Match the data type with its definition:

  Numerical data ↔️ Quantitative data

  Descriptive data ↔️ Qualitative data
• What is an example of collecting quantitative data in anxiety research?

  Rating anxiety levels on a scale
• Qualitative data is often collected using unstructured interviews
• Quantitative data uses numerical scales to measure variables
• What is the purpose of the introduction section in a research report?

  To orient the reader
• The context of the introduction provides background information
• What are specific questions the study aims to answer called in the introduction?

  Research questions
• Order the key elements of the methods section in a research report:

  1️⃣ Participants

  2️⃣ Design

  3️⃣ Materials

  4️⃣ Procedures
• What do materials in the methods section include?

  Questionnaires and equipment
• The methods section ensures the study's transparency and replicability
• What should the results section present accurately?

  The study's findings
• Data presentation in the results section often uses tables or graphs
• Findings from research on screen time and sleep align with the stimulus-response theory
• What does the null hypothesis predict in research?

  No effect or no difference
• An example of a null hypothesis is that there is no difference in memory recall between males and females
• The alternative hypothesis predicts an effect or a difference
• Match the data collection method with its corresponding approach:

  Structured questionnaires ↔️ Quantitative

  In-depth interviews ↔️ Qualitative