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Topic 18: Organic Chemistry III
18.4 Organic Synthesis
18.4.1 Synthetic Routes
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What are synthetic routes in organic chemistry?
Series of chemical reactions
Steps involved in a synthetic route
1️⃣ Starting with simple organic compounds
2️⃣ Applying a sequence of reactions
3️⃣ Isolating and purifying intermediates
4️⃣ Achieving high yields
The synthesis of paracetamol involves nitration, reduction, and
acetylation
.
Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic
acids
What is a common catalyst used in hydrogenation reactions?
Platinum
Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic
acids
Match the key term with its function:
Reagent ↔️ Reacts with substances
Catalyst ↔️ Speeds up reactions
Solvent ↔️ Dissolves reactants
Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic
acids
Oxidation involves the gain of oxygen or loss of
hydrogen
in a molecule.
What is the product of the reduction of ethanal with hydrogen?
Ethanol
Esterification involves the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic
acid
Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a
compound
by the addition of water.
What type of reaction combines two reactants to form a single product?
Addition
Substitution involves replacing one atom or group in a molecule with
another
Elimination reactions often result in the formation of a
double bond
.
What is hydrolysis in organic chemistry?
Breakdown by water addition
In an addition reaction, two reactants combine to form a single
product
A substitution reaction involves replacing one
atom
or group in a molecule.
What is the primary outcome of an elimination reaction?
Formation of a double bond
Match the reaction type with its definition:
Oxidation ↔️ Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
Reduction ↔️ Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen
Esterification ↔️ Formation of an ester
Hydrolysis ↔️ Breakdown by water addition
What happens during oxidation in organic chemistry?
Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
Reduction involves the loss of oxygen or gain of
hydrogen
in a molecule.
Esterification involves the formation of an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid
What two products are formed when ethyl ethanoate undergoes hydrolysis?
Ethanoic acid and ethanol
Steps for planning a complex synthesis
1️⃣ Identify the starting materials and desired product
2️⃣ Break down the synthesis into smaller steps
3️⃣ Use protecting groups if necessary
4️⃣ Choose appropriate reagents and conditions
5️⃣ Consider retrosynthesis
6️⃣ Optimize reaction sequence
7️⃣ Include purification steps
Retrosynthesis involves working backward from the desired product to identify simpler
precursors
.
To synthesize ethyl ethanoate retrosynthetically, one starts with ethanoic acid and
ethanol
Match the term with its definition:
Reagent ↔️ A substance consumed in a reaction
Catalyst ↔️ Speeds up reaction without being used
Solvent ↔️ Dissolves reactants
What is a synthetic route in organic chemistry?
A plan for creating compounds
Achieving high yields is essential in a synthetic route to maximize product
quantity
The synthesis of paracetamol involves nitration,
reduction
, and acetylation.
What is the role of a reagent in a chemical reaction?
Reacts and is consumed
A catalyst speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation
energy
A solvent participates directly in the chemical reaction.
False
What is the role of platinum in hydrogenation reactions?
Catalyst
Water is a frequently used
solvent
in chemical reactions.
What happens to a molecule during oxidation in organic chemistry?
Gain oxygen or lose hydrogen
Reduction involves the loss of oxygen or gain of
hydrogen
.
Esterification is the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid
What type of reaction is the addition of bromine to ethene?
Addition
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