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Topic 8: Grey Matter
8.6 Development of the Nervous System
8.6.3 Critical Periods in Development
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A young child who isn't exposed to language during their critical period may never fully develop linguistic
skills
What are critical periods in neural development characterized by?
High sensitivity to environmental influences
Environmental input is crucial during critical periods for shaping
neuronal connections
and circuits.
What happens if a critical period is missed during neural development?
Necessary pathways may not develop
Critical periods are irreversible, while
sensitive periods
are reversible to some extent.
Why are critical periods essential for the development of the nervous system?
Wiring up sensory, motor, and cognitive circuits
Young children learn languages more easily during their language critical
period
Order the processes involved in synaptic plasticity during critical periods:
1️⃣ Long-term potentiation (LTP)
2️⃣ Long-term depression (LTD)
3️⃣ Synaptic pruning
What is the role of epigenetic modifications during critical periods?
Regulate gene expression
Histone deacetylation reduces protein synthesis during
synaptic pruning
.
Critical periods are essential for the development of the nervous
system
Which sensory pathways develop during critical periods?
Visual, auditory, tactile
Language acquisition is a key cognitive process influenced by critical
periods
Young children learn languages more easily during their language
critical period
.
What is essential for proper vision development during early infancy?
Exposure to light
Critical periods are specific and
irreversible
Sensitive periods
are flexible and reversible to some extent.
Match the feature with the correct period:
Sensitivity ↔️ Highest in critical periods
Impact ↔️ Profound and lasting in critical periods
Reversibility ↔️ Possible in sensitive periods
When are critical periods in human development most responsive to environmental influences?
Specific times
Critical periods involve synaptic plasticity and epigenetic
modifications
What are the two types of synaptic plasticity based on experience?
LTP and LTD
Epigenetic modifications alter the DNA sequence during critical periods.
False
Epigenetic modifications control the timing and duration of critical
periods
Match the mechanism with its function:
Synaptic Plasticity ↔️ Strengthens or weakens neuronal connections
Long-term Potentiation ↔️ Amplifies synaptic strength
Long-term Depression ↔️ Reduces synaptic strength
What can disruptions of critical periods lead to in sensory development?
Vision impairments
Deficits from critical period disruptions are irreversible and
severe
What is the process called when neural circuits are shaped by experience during critical periods?
Experience-dependent plasticity
Experience-dependent plasticity is essential for refining neural connections during
critical periods
.
Critical periods in neural development are time frames when the nervous system is highly sensitive to
environmental
influences.
How do critical periods differ from sensitive periods in reversibility?
Critical periods are irreversible
Order the functions influenced by critical periods from sensory to cognitive:
1️⃣ Sensory: Vision, hearing, and tactile pathways
2️⃣ Motor: Fine motor skills
3️⃣ Cognitive: Language acquisition, abstract thought
Early childhood is the key critical period for fluent language
learning
Critical periods are essential developmental phases when the nervous system is most sensitive to environmental
stimuli
Which sensory pathways are influenced by critical periods?
Vision, hearing, tactile
Early childhood is a critical period for
fluent language
learning.
Exposure to light is necessary for proper visual
development
Missing critical periods can result in
irreversible deficits
.
Critical periods are specific developmental phases when the brain is most responsive to environmental
stimuli
Match the developmental type with its critical period, consequences, and environmental need:
Language Acquisition ↔️ Early childhood, Permanent language deficits, Rich linguistic environment
Visual Development ↔️ Early infancy, Vision impairment, Exposure to light
Synaptic plasticity includes long-term potentiation, which amplifies synaptic
strength
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