7.5.1 Short-Term Effects

• What immediate systems are affected by exercise?

  Cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic
• What happens to stroke volume during exercise?

  Increases
• Cardiac output rises during exercise to meet increased energy demands.
• Why does blood pressure elevate during exercise?

  Greater cardiac exertion
• Vasodilation occurs in muscle blood vessels to improve blood flow
• What happens to breathing rate during exercise?

  Increases
• Tidal volume rises during exercise to increase oxygen intake per breath.
• Why does oxygen consumption increase during exercise?

  Muscles need more oxygen
• Energy expenditure increases during exercise to fuel muscle activity
• What metabolic product is produced due to high-intensity anaerobic metabolism during exercise?

  Lactate
• During exercise, the cardiovascular system responds by increasing heart rate to pump blood faster.
• Stroke volume increases during exercise to push more blood per beat.
• Cardiac output, which is the total blood volume pumped per minute, increases during exercise due to higher heart rate and stroke volume.
• Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?

  Greater cardiac exertion
• Vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels, improves blood flow to muscles during exercise.
• Breathing rate increases during exercise to bring in more oxygen.
• What happens to heart rate during exercise?

  It increases
• Stroke volume increases during exercise, pushing more blood per beat.
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  $Cardiac Output =$$Heart Rate × Stroke Volume$
• Tidal volume increases during exercise to allow larger breaths.
• Oxygen consumption increases during exercise because muscles require more oxygen for energy production.
• What happens to energy expenditure during exercise?

  It increases
• Match the cardiovascular effect with its description:

  Heart rate increases ↔️ Faster pumping of blood

  Cardiac output increases ↔️ Greater overall blood volume pumped

  Blood pressure elevates ↔️ Higher force of blood against vessel walls

  Vasodilation occurs ↔️ Widening of blood vessels for better flow
• Glucose uptake increases during exercise, allowing muscles to utilize more glucose for energy.
• Lactate production during exercise is a result of anaerobic energy production.
• What effect does exercise have on stroke volume?

  It increases
• During exercise, the cardiovascular system increases cardiac output to meet energy demands.
• Breathing rate increases during exercise to bring in more oxygen.
• Why do metabolic changes occur during exercise?

  To supply more oxygen
• Order the changes in the cardiovascular system during exercise:

  1️⃣ Heart rate increases

  2️⃣ Stroke volume increases

  3️⃣ Cardiac output rises

  4️⃣ Blood pressure elevates

  5️⃣ Vasodilation occurs
• Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
• The respiratory system enhances oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal during exercise.
• Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?

  To bring in more oxygen
• Match the muscular effect with its description:

  Muscle contraction ↔️ Muscles contract more frequently

  Blood flow increases ↔️ More oxygen and nutrients delivered

  Glucose uptake rises ↔️ Muscles utilize more glucose
• During exercise, cardiac output increases because of higher heart rate and stroke volume.
• Vasodilation in muscle blood vessels improves blood flow during exercise.
• What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

  It rises
• The oxygen consumption of the body increases during exercise because muscles require more oxygen.
• What happens to muscle contraction during exercise?

  More frequent and forceful
• During exercise, blood flow increases to deliver more oxygen