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Topic 8: Grey Matter
8.5 Neurotransmitters and Drug Effects
8.5.3 Addiction and Dependence
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Addiction and dependence are related but distinct
concepts
Addiction is characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding behaviors despite
adverse
consequences.
Dependence refers to a state where the body relies on a substance to function
normally
Dependence always leads to addiction.
False
Match the characteristic with its concept:
Compulsive behavior despite harm ↔️ Addiction
Withdrawal symptoms when substance is stopped ↔️ Dependence
A person can be dependent on a medication without being
addicted
.
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that drives the brain's reward
system
Serotonin
imbalances can contribute to seeking addictive substances.
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that can be affected by substances, leading to
dependence
Steps involved in the reward pathway in the brain:
1️⃣ Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) produces dopamine
2️⃣ Nucleus Accumbens receives dopamine, producing pleasure
3️⃣ Prefrontal Cortex manages planning and decision-making
Addictive substances cause a surge in dopamine release, overriding normal
reward
processes.
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the reward pathway?
Manages planning and decision-making
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter that transmits signals along the reward
pathway
Dopamine release is triggered only by substances like drugs.
False
What does dopamine reinforce when released in the brain?
Behaviors creating pleasure
Addictive substances cause a surge in dopamine release, overriding normal reward
processes
Addiction is primarily a psychological condition characterized by
compulsive
behavior despite harm.
What is dependence in the context of substance use?
Body relies on substance
Dopamine is a key driver of the brain's reward
system
Imbalances in
serotonin
levels can contribute to drug-seeking behavior.
What is the role of GABA in the brain?
Inhibits brain activity
Endorphins are natural painkillers that contribute to feelings of
pleasure
Components of the reward pathway in order of signal transmission
1️⃣ Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
2️⃣ Nucleus Accumbens
3️⃣ Prefrontal Cortex
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is responsible for producing
dopamine
.
Which brain region receives dopamine and produces feelings of pleasure?
Nucleus Accumbens
Dopamine is released during rewarding activities, reinforcing the associated
behaviors
In addiction, dopamine release is triggered by natural rewards only.
False
What is tolerance in the context of substance use?
Adaptation requiring more substance
Withdrawal symptoms occur when a substance is stopped or
reduced
Withdrawal symptoms are purely physical.
False
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the brain's reward pathway?
Dopamine
Drugs increase dopamine levels more intensely than natural
rewards
Addiction is a physical condition requiring medical treatment.
False
What is the primary focus of dependence in substance use?
Physical reliance on substance
What is the key neurotransmitter in the brain's reward pathway?
Dopamine
Dopamine is released in the
nucleus
accumbens during pleasurable activities.
Dopamine is only released during drug use.
False
What is the key role of dopamine in addiction?
Drives reward and pleasure
What role does serotonin play in addiction?
Mood and impulse control
Substances that enhance GABA lead to calming effects and
dependence
.
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