15.3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis

• Homogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants.
• Heterogeneous catalysis occurs when the catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.

  False
• What is the term for a catalyst that exists in the same phase as the reactants?

  Homogeneous catalyst
• Steps in the mechanism of homogeneous catalysis:

  1️⃣ Catalyst Activation

  2️⃣ Complex Formation

  3️⃣ Product Formation

  4️⃣ Catalyst Regeneration
• In homogeneous catalysis, the complex formed stabilizes the transition state of the reaction.
• Organic acids typically dissolve in polar solvents like water.
• What is the key difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis?

  Phase of the catalyst
• In homogeneous catalysis, catalyst activation often involves changes in the catalyst's structure or oxidation state.
• What does the formation of a complex between the activated catalyst and reactants achieve?

  Lowers activation energy
• Homogeneous catalysts are always transition metal complexes.

  False
• What is a major disadvantage of homogeneous catalysis compared to heterogeneous catalysis?

  Difficult separation
• In homogeneous catalysis, limited catalyst stability can occur due to decomposition or loss of activity.
• Match the industrial process with its homogeneous catalyst:

  Hydroformylation ↔️ $RhH(CO)(PPh_{3})_{3}$

  Acetic Acid Production ↔️ $[Rh(CO)_{2}I_{2}]^{ - }$

  Polymerization ↔️ $Cp_{2}ZrCl_{2}$