6.1.2 Social Explanations

• Who developed Differential Association Theory (DAT)?

  Edwin Sutherland
• One key principle of DAT is learning through interactions with criminal and non-criminal groups
• Differential Association Theory emphasizes the role of social environments in influencing criminal behavior.
• What is the central focus of Structural Functionalism?

  Solidarity and stability
• Match the concept of Structural Functionalism with its description:

  Social Structure ↔️ Organized arrangements of social interactions

  Social Functions ↔️ Positive contributions to society

  Social Norms ↔️ Established rules of behavior
• Structural Functionalism explains crime through anomie and social disorganization
• Weak social structures in impoverished neighborhoods can lead to high crime rates, according to Structural Functionalism.
• Which theorists influenced Conflict Theory?

  Karl Marx and Max Weber
• Conflict Theory posits that criminal laws are created by those in power
• Laws against drug possession disproportionately targeting lower-class communities reflect societal inequalities, according to Conflict Theory.
• What do social explanations of criminal behavior suggest about the origins of crime?

  Learned through interactions
• Social Learning Theory proposes that people learn behaviors by observing and imitating
• Differential Association Theory suggests criminal behavior is learned through associations with others who have already learned such behavior.
• Who is the main proponent of Social Learning Theory?

  Albert Bandura
• Who developed Differential Association Theory?

  Edwin Sutherland
• A person may learn to shoplift by observing friends and being rewarded for it, demonstrating the role of reinforcement
• Order the key elements of Social Learning Theory (SLT)

  1️⃣ Observation

  2️⃣ Imitation

  3️⃣ Modeling

  4️⃣ Reinforcement or Punishment
• Match the element of Social Learning Theory with its description:

  Observation ↔️ Watching others perform behaviors

  Imitation ↔️ Copying the observed behavior

  Reinforcement ↔️ Positive outcomes increase behavior

  Punishment ↔️ Negative outcomes decrease behavior
• A child in a crime-ridden neighborhood may learn theft by observing older family members who receive reinforcement
• Social Learning Theory (SLT) suggests that people learn behaviors solely through genetic factors.

  False
• Who proposed Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

  Albert Bandura
• One key component of SLT is observational learning
• Imitation in SLT refers to replicating observed behaviors.
• What role does reinforcement play in SLT?

  Reward or punishment
• Observational learning in SLT involves learning by watching others
• Match the key ideas of Differential Association Theory (DAT) with their descriptions:

  Association ↔️ Interactions with groups

  Learning ↔️ Acquisition of techniques
• Who developed Differential Association Theory (DAT)?

  Edwin Sutherland
• One key theory in social explanations of criminal behavior is Social Learning Theory
• Who proposed Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

  Albert Bandura
• One key component of Social Learning Theory is observational learning
• Imitation in SLT refers to replicating observed behaviors.
• What role does reinforcement play in Social Learning Theory?

  Receiving rewards or punishments
• Observational learning involves learning by watching others
• Steps in Social Learning Theory

  1️⃣ Observational Learning

  2️⃣ Imitation

  3️⃣ Reinforcement
• Match the component of SLT with its description:

  Observational Learning ↔️ Learning by watching others

  Imitation ↔️ Replicating observed behaviors

  Reinforcement ↔️ Receiving rewards or punishments
• What is the role of imitation in Social Learning Theory?

  Replicating observed behaviors
• Reinforcement in Social Learning Theory can involve both rewards and punishments.