5.1.3 Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis

• What does reliability in the context of diagnosing mental disorders refer to?

  Consistency and repeatability
• Inter-rater reliability is measured using Cohen's Kappa
• What measure is used for test-retest reliability?

  Correlation coefficient
• Two psychologists independently diagnosing Jane with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) demonstrates inter-rater reliability.
• Validity in diagnosis refers to the extent a tool measures what it is intended to measure
• What does content validity ensure in diagnostic criteria?

  All relevant aspects
• Match the type of validity with its example:

  Content Validity ↔️ DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder

  Construct Validity ↔️ Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

  Criterion Validity ↔️ Social anxiety correlates with behavior
• The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) measures the underlying psychological constructs of depression, demonstrating construct validity.
• Clinician bias is a factor that can negatively affect both reliability and validity
• Factors affecting reliability and validity in diagnosis include clinician bias and diagnostic criteria clarity
• Clinician bias reduces inter-rater reliability but affects criterion validity
• Diagnostic criteria clarity improves inter-rater reliability and enhances content validity.
• Patient factors affect test-retest reliability but impact construct validity
• Cultural and social influences can influence inter-rater reliability and affect criterion validity.
• Reliability in diagnosing mental disorders refers to the consistency and repeatability of diagnostic decisions.
• Match the type of reliability with its meaning and measure:

  Inter-rater Reliability ↔️ Consistency between two or more clinicians | $\kappa$ or $\text{ICC}$

  Test-retest Reliability ↔️ Consistency in diagnosis over time by the same clinician | $r$
• Two psychologists independently diagnosing Jane with GAD based on DSM-5 criteria demonstrate inter-rater reliability.
• Test-retest reliability is measured using a correlation coefficient.
• Validity in diagnosing mental disorders refers to the accuracy with which a diagnostic tool measures what it is intended to measure.
• What are the two main types of reliability used in diagnosing mental disorders?

  Inter-rater and test-retest
• What does test-retest reliability measure?

  Consistency over time
• Validity in diagnosis refers to the accuracy of measuring what it is intended to measure.
• Match the type of validity with its meaning:

  Content Validity ↔️ Diagnostic criteria cover all relevant aspects

  Construct Validity ↔️ Tool measures underlying psychological constructs

  Criterion Validity ↔️ Outcomes correlate with real-world behaviors
• Content validity ensures that diagnostic criteria cover all relevant aspects of the disorder
• Construct validity measures the tool's ability to correlate with other measures of the same construct.
• Criterion validity checks if diagnostic outcomes correlate with real-world behaviors
• Why does the DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder have good content validity?

  Covers various aspects
• The DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder have good content validity because they cover aspects like mood and motivation
• What are some factors that can affect reliability and validity in diagnosis?

  Clinician bias, patient factors
• Clinician bias reduces inter-rater reliability and affects criterion validity.
• How does diagnostic criteria clarity improve reliability?

  Reduces variability
• Cultural and social influences can affect inter-rater reliability and criterion validity.
• What is one method to improve reliability in diagnosis?

  Standardized diagnostic criteria
• Structured interviews increase reliability by standardizing questions and reducing variability.
• Why are reliability and validity critical for accurate diagnoses in mental health?

  Effective treatment, better outcomes
• High reliability in diagnosis ensures consistency, but may not always capture the complexities of patient symptoms
• What is a drawback of the DSM-5 in terms of validity?

  Specific criteria may not align