10.4.3 Evidence for Learned Non-Verbal Behaviour

• Non-verbal behavior refers to conveying information or expressing emotions without using words
• Culture plays a significant role in shaping non-verbal behavior.
• What are cross-cultural comparisons of non-verbal communication used to analyze?

  Cultural differences
• Non-verbal behavior includes facial expressions, body language, and gestures
• Different cultures may interpret the same non-verbal cues differently.
• Match the cultural element with its example and explanation:

  Facial Expressions ↔️ Western smile shows friendliness; Asian smile may indicate embarrassment

  Body Language ↔️ North Americans maintain eye contact; Africans may consider it disrespectful

  Gestures ↔️ Thumbs up means approval in the West; offensive in the Middle East

  Proxemics ↔️ Latins stand close; Scandinavians prefer more space
• What did Paul Ekman's study on facial expressions find?

  Basic emotions are universal
• Edward T. Hall's study on proxemics showed that preferred personal space varies by culture
• Arrange the following elements of non-verbal behavior according to their cultural influence, from least to most influenced.

  1️⃣ Basic emotions

  2️⃣ Facial expressions

  3️⃣ Proxemics

  4️⃣ Gestures
• Non-verbal behavior includes facial expressions, body language, and gestures.
• Match the type of non-verbal cue with its description and example:

  Facial Expressions ↔️ Convey emotions through facial movements; smiling shows happiness

  Body Language ↔️ Postures, gestures, and body movements; crossed arms indicate defensiveness

  Gestures ↔️ Specific hand or arm movements; pointing to direct attention

  Proxemics ↔️ Use of space to communicate relationships; standing close to a friend
• What is an example of a facial expression that conveys happiness?

  Smiling
• Crossed arms are an example of non-verbal behavior that indicates defensiveness
• Pointing is a gesture used for emphasis or communication.
• Body language includes postures, gestures, and movements of the body
• What is an example of a gesture used for emphasis?

  Pointing
• Match the type of non-verbal cue with its example:

  Facial Expressions ↔️ Smiling to show happiness

  Body Language ↔️ Crossed arms indicating defensiveness

  Gestures ↔️ Pointing to direct attention
• Facial expressions convey emotions through facial movements
• Crossed arms indicate defensiveness
• What is the purpose of gestures in communication?

  Emphasis
• Proxemics involves the use of space to communicate relationships or discomfort
• Different cultures may interpret the same non-verbal cues differently due to cultural norms
• What does a smile indicate in some Asian cultures?

  Embarrassment
• Direct eye contact is considered disrespectful in some African cultures
• The thumbs up gesture is offensive in some Middle Eastern countries
• Steps in the process of cultural shaping of non-verbal behavior

  1️⃣ Cultural norms influence cue interpretation

  2️⃣ Cultural traditions dictate acceptable postures

  3️⃣ Hand movements convey different meanings

  4️⃣ Attitudes towards personal space vary
• Who conducted a study on universal facial expressions and display rules?

  Paul Ekman
• Edward T. Hall's study focused on the cultural variations in proxemics
• The interpretation of non-verbal behavior is solely influenced by innate factors

  False
• What does a smile indicate in some Asian cultures?

  Embarrassment
• Direct eye contact is always considered a sign of attention in all cultures

  False
• Latin cultures prefer closer proximity during conversations
• Match the educational method with its purpose in non-verbal competence:

  Formal instruction ↔️ Increases awareness of cues

  Training programs ↔️ Improves emotional reading

  Role-playing exercises ↔️ Enhances communication skills
• What type of educational activity improves facial expression and gesture control?

  Acting classes
• Improved non-verbal competence enhances interpersonal relationships
• Learned non-verbal behavior may be misunderstood in different cultures
• Why may learned non-verbal cues feel artificial compared to innate expressions?

  Lack spontaneity
• Complex emotions can always be conveyed through learned non-verbal cues alone

  False
• Non-verbal behavior conveys information or emotions without using words
• What is an example of non-verbal behavior used to greet someone?

  A wave