6.4.3 Combating Antibiotic Resistance

• What enzyme produced by bacteria breaks down β-lactam antibiotics like penicillin?

  β-lactamase
• Efflux pumps in bacteria transport antibiotics out of the cell, reducing their intracellular concentration
• What protein does DNA gyrase bind to prevent quinolones from inhibiting DNA replication?

  DNA gyrase
• Bacteria can resist sulfonamides by using external sources of folic acid instead of synthesizing it themselves.
• Match the antibiotic resistance mechanism with its description:

  Degradation ↔️ Bacteria produce enzymes that break down antibiotics

  Efflux ↔️ Efflux pumps transport antibiotics out of cells

  Target Modification ↔️ Altering target proteins reduces antibiotic binding

  Metabolic Pathways ↔️ Develop new pathways to bypass targets
• What type of programs encourage the appropriate use of antibiotics based on established treatment guidelines?

  Antibiotic Stewardship Programs
• Diagnostic testing can differentiate between viral and bacterial infections to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use
• Healthcare providers should counsel patients about when antibiotics are necessary and explore delaying or avoiding their use for mild infections
• What is the main goal of public awareness and education campaigns regarding antibiotic use?

  Reduce overuse and misuse
• Good hygiene practices can reduce the need for antibiotics by preventing infections
• Chemical synthesis of new antibiotics involves designing and synthesizing novel antibiotic molecules from scratch
• What natural sources are often used in natural product screening to discover new antibiotics?

  Plants, microbes, and fungi
• Target-based strategies for developing antibiotics involve inhibiting essential bacterial enzymes or pathways
• What is an example of an antibiotic developed using chemical synthesis?

  Oxazolidinones
• Natural product screening discovered the antibiotic teixobactin from a soil bacterium.
• What bacterial protein is modified to reduce antibiotic binding in target modification?

  DNA gyrase
• What is the primary function of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?

  Transport antibiotics out
• The enzyme β-lactamase breaks down β-lactam antibiotics.antibiotics
• Mutation of DNA gyrase is an example of target modification in antibiotic resistance.
• What metabolic pathway bypass do bacteria use to avoid antibiotic effects?

  External folic acid
• Match the antibiotic resistance mechanism with its description:

  Degradation ↔️ Enzymes break down antibiotics

  Efflux ↔️ Pumps expel antibiotics

  Target modification ↔️ Alteration of target proteins

  Metabolic pathways ↔️ New pathways bypass targets
• The enzyme β-lactamase degrades β-lactam antibiotics.antibiotics
• Mutation of DNA gyrase is an example of target modification in antibiotic resistance.
• What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

  Appropriate antibiotic use
• Diagnostic testing can reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions by differentiating between bacterial and viral infections.viral
• Steps in public awareness campaigns to combat antibiotic resistance:

  1️⃣ Inform the public about the risks of misuse

  2️⃣ Promote appropriate antibiotic use

  3️⃣ Highlight preventive measures

  4️⃣ Correct common misconceptions
• What is one current approach in research and development of new antibiotics?

  Chemical synthesis
• Chemical synthesis of new antibiotics explores diverse chemical structures to target resistant bacteria.structures
• Natural product screening often identifies antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action.
• What is the main goal of antimicrobial stewardship programs?

  Optimize antibiotic use
• Match the antimicrobial stewardship strategy with its description:

  Antimicrobial restriction ↔️ Control access to certain antibiotics

  Prospective audit ↔️ Review prescriptions before use

  Clinical practice guidelines ↔️ Standardized treatment protocols

  Formulary restriction ↔️ Limit antibiotic availability
• Frequent handwashing is a key strategy in infection control to reduce microbial transfer.transfer
• What is the purpose of improved infection control practices in healthcare settings?

  Prevent pathogen spread
• Surveillance of antibiotic resistance involves tracking trends in resistant bacteria.
• What is one mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

  Efflux
• What is the primary goal of strategies to combat antibiotic resistance?

  Reduce antibiotic exposure
• Public awareness and education campaigns are crucial in combating antibiotic resistance by informing the public about responsible antibiotic use and prevention of infections
• Match the message type with its description and channels used:

  Health tips ↔️ Educate on appropriate antibiotic usage via healthcare providers and websites

  Misconception debunking ↔️ Correct beliefs about antibiotic necessity through social media and seminars

  Prevention methods ↔️ Highlight hygiene practices to reduce infections in schools and TV ads
• Public awareness campaigns reinforce the need for antibiotic stewardship in healthcare.
• What are the key approaches in research and development of new antibiotics?

  Chemical Synthesis, Natural Product Screening, Target-Based Strategies