1.5 Development of Morality

• What does morality refer to?

  Right and wrong principles
• Kohlberg's theory proposes that moral development progresses through three levels
• Kohlberg's theory includes six distinct stages of moral development.
• Arrange the levels of Kohlberg's theory in the correct order.

  1️⃣ Pre-conventional

  2️⃣ Conventional

  3️⃣ Post-conventional
• What is the primary focus of the 'Punishment and Obedience' stage in Kohlberg's theory?

  Avoid punishment
• In the 'Good Interpersonal Relationships' stage, individuals seek approval by adhering to societal expectations
• The 'Social Contract and Individual Rights' stage emphasizes universal rights and social welfare.
• Which stage of Kohlberg's theory involves following moral principles over societal laws?

  Universal Principles
• Match the stage of Kohlberg's theory with its description:

  Punishment and Obedience ↔️ Avoid punishment

  Individualism and Exchange ↔️ Negotiate exchanges

  Good Interpersonal Relationships ↔️ Seek societal approval

  Maintaining Social Order ↔️ Follow laws
• In the 'Punishment and Obedience' stage, individuals share toys to avoid punishment.

  False
• A teenager who complies with curfew to please their parents is in the 'Good Interpersonal Relationships' stage
• What is the focus of moral reasoning in the 'Social Contract and Individual Rights' stage?

  Universal rights
• A child who shares a toy to play longer with friends is in the 'Maintaining Social Order' stage.

  False
• Arrange the stages of Kohlberg's theory in the correct order within each level.

  1️⃣ Pre-conventional: Punishment and Obedience

  2️⃣ Pre-conventional: Individualism and Exchange

  3️⃣ Conventional: Good Interpersonal Relationships

  4️⃣ Conventional: Maintaining Social Order

  5️⃣ Post-conventional: Social Contract and Individual Rights

  6️⃣ Post-conventional: Universal Principles
• What is Carol Gilligan's main criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

  Gender bias
• Kohlberg's theory considers cultural differences in moral reasoning.

  False
• Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory prioritizes male-oriented principles of justice over female considerations of care
• What type of cultures does Kohlberg's theory potentially neglect due to its Western bias?

  Non-Western cultures
• Who criticized Kohlberg's theory for gender bias?

  Carol Gilligan
• Kohlberg's theory neglects moral perspectives in non-Western cultures that emphasize communal duties and harmony
• Kohlberg's theory focuses on moral behavior rather than moral reasoning.

  False
• Match the limitation of Kohlberg's theory with its description:

  Gender Bias ↔️ Prioritizes male-oriented principles

  Cultural Bias ↔️ Neglects non-Western perspectives

  Narrow Scope ↔️ Focuses on reasoning, not behavior

  Practical Application ↔️ Complex implementation in contexts
• What is the definition of morality?

  Right versus wrong principles
• Kohlberg's theory proposes that moral development progresses through three levels: Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional
• The Pre-conventional level in Kohlberg's theory involves seeking approval by adhering to societal expectations.

  False
• Order the stages within the Pre-conventional level of Kohlberg's theory:

  1️⃣ Punishment and Obedience

  2️⃣ Individualism and Exchange
• Match the stage of Kohlberg's theory with its description:

  Punishment and Obedience ↔️ Rules are followed to avoid punishment

  Social Contract and Individual Rights ↔️ Prioritize universal rights and social welfare
• Carol Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory prioritizes male-oriented principles over female considerations of care and relationships
• Gilligan's critique emphasizes empathy and contextual understanding over abstract principles.
• Compare the core values of Kohlberg's theory with Gilligan's critique:

  1️⃣ Kohlberg: Justice and individual rights

  2️⃣ Gilligan: Care and relationships