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Topic 6: Immunity, Infection and Forensics
6.5 Forensic Biology
6.5.1 Determining Time of Death
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What is forensic biology defined as?
Analyzing biological evidence for crimes
Forensic biology plays a critical role in determining the time of
death
Early post-mortem changes include rigor mortis, livor mortis, and
algor mortis
.
How is entomology used in forensic biology to determine time of death?
Analyzing insect development stages
Forensic botany involves analyzing plant evidence to determine the time of
death
Forensic anthropology focuses on analyzing skeletal remains to determine
time of death
.
What are some limitations and uncertainties in determining time of death?
Environmental factors, individual variations
Forensic biologists link suspects to crime scenes by analyzing biological
evidence
Which areas are encompassed by forensic biology?
DNA analysis, blood spatter, time of death
Match the forensic method with its description:
Rigor Mortis ↔️ Stiffening of muscles due to chemical changes
Livor Mortis ↔️ Settling of blood due to gravity
Algor Mortis ↔️ Cooling of the body
Stomach Content Analysis ↔️ Examination of food digestion stage
Newton's Law of Cooling is used in algor mortis to calculate the body
temperature
What are the three main early post-mortem changes used to estimate time of death?
Rigor Mortis, Livor Mortis, Algor Mortis
Match the early post-mortem change with its description:
Rigor Mortis ↔️ Stiffening of muscles
Livor Mortis ↔️ Settling of blood
Algor Mortis ↔️ Cooling of the body
Early post-mortem changes occur shortly after
death
Late post-mortem changes include decomposition, autolysis, putrefaction, and
skeletonization
.
What is autolysis in late post-mortem changes?
Self-digestion by enzymes
Higher temperatures accelerate the rate of
decomposition
What are the three main factors affecting the rate of decomposition?
Temperature, humidity, oxygen
Moist conditions enhance microbial
activity
Match the late post-mortem change with its description:
Decomposition ↔️ Breakdown of body tissues
Autolysis ↔️ Self-digestion by enzymes
Putrefaction ↔️ Bacterial decomposition
Skeletonization ↔️ Complete breakdown of soft tissues
Order the key processes involved in decomposition:
1️⃣ Autolysis
2️⃣ Putrefaction
3️⃣ Insect activity
Autolysis involves the release of
enzymes
from cells.
What are the primary byproducts of putrefaction?
Gas, foul odors, discoloration
Skeletonization leaves only
bones
Higher oxygen availability accelerates
aerobic decomposition
.
What do late post-mortem changes help forensic biologists estimate?
Time since death
What are the three main areas encompassed by forensic biology?
DNA analysis, blood spatter, time of death
Newton's Law of Cooling is used in
algor mortis
to estimate time of death.
In Newton's Law of Cooling,
T
0
T_{0}
T
0
represents the initial body temperature
Match the method with its description in determining time of death:
Rigor mortis ↔️ Stiffening of muscles
Livor mortis ↔️ Settling of blood
Algor mortis ↔️ Cooling of the body
Insect activity ↔️ Observation of insect development
What are two factors that influence insect development rates?
Temperature and toxins
What does stomach content analysis help estimate?
Time since last meal
Rigor mortis is caused by
ATP
depletion in muscles.
What process causes livor mortis?
Blood pooling due to gravity
Algor mortis involves the loss of
heat
What is the relationship between temperature and decomposition rate according to the formula?
Decomposition rate \propto e^{\frac{ - E_{a}}{RT}}</latex>
Accumulated Degree Days (ADD) are calculated using the formula: \sum (Daily temperature - Developmental
threshold
).</latex>
According to the decomposition formula, a higher temperature speeds up
decomposition
Insect development rates can help estimate how long insects have been
feeding
on a body.
Accumulated Degree Days (ADD) are used to calculate insect age in
forensic entomology
.
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