8.2.2 Gibson’s Direct Theory

• What is direct perception also known as?

  Ecological perception
• One of the key principles of direct perception is that no interpretation is needed.
• What do affordances refer to in direct perception theory?

  Interaction opportunities
• Optic flow is created as we move through the environment and aids spatial awareness.
• Give an example of the principle "no interpretation needed" in direct perception.

  Seeing a red light means stop
• Stairs afford the action of climbing.
• How does optic flow help in perceiving the environment according to direct perception?

  Aids spatial awareness
• Affordances are based on the environment's qualities.
• What action does a flat surface afford, according to Gibson's theory?

  Sitting
• Match the quality of an object with its affordance:

  Flat surface ↔️ Sitting

  Doorway ↔️ Passage

  Stairs ↔️ Climbing
• Sensory data in direct perception requires no interpretation
• What is the term for the opportunities the environment provides for interaction based on its qualities?

  Affordances
• Optic flow refers to visual patterns created as we move, aiding spatial awareness.
• Seeing a red light means stop
• Who developed the direct perception theory?

  James J. Gibson
• Direct perception emphasizes the role of complex cognitive interpretations in visual perception.

  False
• Affordances are the opportunities for interaction based on environmental qualities
• What is an example of an affordance provided by a flat surface?

  Sitting
• Optic flow creates visual patterns that aid in spatial awareness and depth perception
• What happens to the apparent movement of near objects in optic flow as we move forward?

  Move faster and diverge
• Order the apparent movement of objects in optic flow from near to far.

  1️⃣ Near objects move faster

  2️⃣ Distant objects move slower
• How do texture gradients contribute to depth perception?

  Provide a distance cue
• Texture density increases as the surface recedes into the distance.
• Match the aspect of texture gradients with its description:

  Texture density ↔️ Increases with distance

  Detail visibility ↔️ Decreases with distance
• Texture gradients align with Gibson's Direct Perception Theory
• What is another name for direct perception?

  Ecological perception
• One key principle of direct perception is that sensory data requires no interpretation
• What is an example of an affordance provided by stairs?

  Climbing
• Optic flow helps in spatial awareness through visual patterns created by movement.
• Match the principle of direct perception with its example:

  No interpretation needed ↔️ Seeing a red light means stop

  Affordances ↔️ Stairs afford climbing

  Optic flow ↔️ Speed of approaching cars indicates danger
• Optic flow refers to the visual pattern created as we move through the environment
• What happens to the apparent movement of near objects in optic flow as we move forward?

  Move faster and diverge
• Texture gradients help with depth perception by showing how texture changes with distance.
• What is optic flow and its role in perception?

  Visual pattern for spatial awareness
• Optic flow is a key feature of direct perception in spatial awareness.
• Texture gradients help with depth perception by changing the texture of a surface as it recedes into the distance
• Match the aspect of texture gradients with its description:

  Texture density ↔️ Increases with distance

  Detail visibility ↔️ Decreases with distance
• Invariant features are essential for identifying objects and navigating the world.
• What are optical invariants in perception?

  Stable properties of light
• Structural invariants refer to the fixed physical properties of objects