8.2.1 Gregory’s Constructivist Theory

• What is constructivism in the context of perception?

  Active construction of understanding
• Constructivism in perception posits that our understanding of the world is an active construction using sensory input and prior knowledge.construction
• Prior knowledge influences how we interpret new sensory information in perception.
• What is interpretive inference in perception?

  Filling gaps based on knowledge
• Match the element of perception with its description:

  Prior Knowledge ↔️ Stored beliefs, expectations, and experiences

  Interpretive Inference ↔️ Filling gaps and making predictions
• Gregory's Constructivist Theory suggests that perception is an active process where the brain constructs meaning from sensory input.active
• Preconceived notions can influence perception according to Gregory's theory.
• What is the role of hypothesis testing in Gregory's Constructivist Theory?

  Testing perceptual hypotheses
• Steps involved in Gregory's Constructivist Theory:

  1️⃣ Inference based on past experiences

  2️⃣ Formation of expectations

  3️⃣ Hypothesis testing
• How does seeing a shadow under a 3D box illustrate Gregory's theory?

  Infers depth using light and shadow
• Constructivism in perception uses interpretive inference to fill gaps and make predictions based on prior knowledge.interpretive inference
• What is the role of prior knowledge in constructivism?

  Stored beliefs and expectations
• Gregory's Constructivist Theory emphasizes the role of past experiences in shaping perception.
• How does recognizing a face from a partial view illustrate inference in Gregory's theory?

  Using past experiences to understand
• Seeing a blurry image and assuming it's something familiar illustrates the influence of expectation in Gregory's theory.expectation
• Steps involved in perceiving depth using shadows according to Gregory's theory:

  1️⃣ Experience of light and shadow

  2️⃣ Inference of depth
• What type of process is perception according to Gregory's Constructivist Theory?

  Active process
• Gregory's Constructivist Theory suggests that the brain constructs meaning from sensory input using prior knowledge and expectations
• Inference involves using past experiences to understand sensory data.
• Match the key principles of Gregory's Constructivist Theory with their descriptions:

  Inference ↔️ Using past experiences to understand sensory data

  Expectation ↔️ Preconceived notions influence perception

  Hypothesis Testing ↔️ Formulating and testing perceptual hypotheses
• What is the role of preconceived notions in perception according to Gregory's theory?

  Influence perception
• According to Gregory's Constructivist Theory, perception involves formulating and testing perceptual hypotheses
• Expectations are based on preconceived notions and influence perception.
• What does the brain infer when it sees a shadow under a 3D box?

  Depth
• Prior knowledge plays no role in Gregory's Constructivist Theory.

  False
• Prior knowledge acts as a framework for interpreting sensory data.
• Match the roles of prior knowledge with their descriptions:

  Expectation Formation ↔️ Predicting what we might experience

  Interpretation ↔️ Assigning meaning to sensory data

  Filtering ↔️ Focusing on relevant information
• What is the formula for expectation formation in perception?

  $Expectation =$$PriorKnowledge +$$SensoryInput$
• Inference in perception combines sensory data and prior knowledge to form a meaningful interpretation.
• Inference allows us to fill in missing sensory information based on past experiences.
• What is the first step in forming a perceptual hypothesis?

  Sensory input
• Order the steps involved in the process of forming a perceptual hypothesis:

  1️⃣ Sensory Input

  2️⃣ Prior Knowledge

  3️⃣ Hypothesis Formation

  4️⃣ Testing

  5️⃣ Acceptance/Rejection
• Perception can be mathematically represented as $Perception =$$SensoryInput +$$PriorKnowledge - Error$, where error represents the difference between expectation and reality.
• What is the role of interpretive inference in constructivism?

  Fill gaps and predict
• Interpretive inference involves making predictions based on prior knowledge to understand incomplete sensory data.
• Match the components of Gregory's Constructivist Theory with their descriptions:

  Inference ↔️ Recognizing a face from a partial view

  Expectation ↔️ Seeing a blurry image and assuming it's familiar

  Hypothesis Testing ↔️ Adjusting perception based on new visual cues
• What example is given to illustrate the role of shadows in inferring depth?

  3D box
• What does Gregory's Constructivist Theory suggest about perception?

  It is an active process
• Gregory's Constructivist Theory suggests perception uses prior knowledge and expectations
• What is inference in Gregory's Constructivist Theory?

  Using past experiences