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Topic 5: On the Wild Side
5.3 Succession and Climax Communities
5.3.2 Secondary Succession
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What is the starting condition of secondary succession?
Land with existing soil
Secondary succession can occur after events such as forest fires, floods, deforestation, or abandoned agricultural
land
Secondary succession speeds up ecosystem re-establishment because the
soil
is already present.
Which species are often the first to colonize an area after a forest fire in secondary succession?
Grasses and shrubs
Primary succession starts on bare rock or new land, while secondary succession starts on land with existing
soil
Secondary succession is initiated by new land formation or exposure.
False
What is the initial process in secondary succession?
Re-colonization by pioneer species
Stages of secondary succession in order
1️⃣ Pioneer Community
2️⃣ Intermediate Communities
3️⃣ Climax Community
In the pioneer community stage of secondary succession, annual grasses and weeds stabilize the
soil
The climax community in secondary succession is dominated by mature trees like oak and
maple
.
What is the role of pioneer species in secondary succession?
Prepare the habitat for future communities
Match the role of pioneer species with its description:
Soil Stabilization ↔️ Prevents erosion and compaction
Soil Enrichment ↔️ Adds organic matter, fixes nitrogen
Shade Provision ↔️ Creates cover for shade-tolerant species
What are the key characteristics of a climax community in secondary succession?
Stability, high biodiversity, resilience
What is the final, stable stage of ecosystem development in secondary succession called?
Climax community
The climax community in secondary succession is characterized by stability, high biodiversity, and
resilience
Late-successional species dominate the climax community in
secondary succession
.
What is secondary succession initiated by?
Disturbances leaving soil intact
Unlike primary succession, secondary succession starts on land where soil is already
present
Match the disturbance with its example in secondary succession:
Forest fire ↔️ Colonization by grasses
Flood ↔️ Ecosystem recovery
Deforestation ↔️ Soil stabilization
Abandoned agricultural land ↔️ Climax state progression
What are the first species to colonize an area after a forest fire in secondary succession called?
Pioneer species
Stages of secondary succession in order:
1️⃣ Pioneer community
2️⃣ Intermediate communities
3️⃣ Climax community
What are the key species in the pioneer community during secondary succession?
Annual grasses, weeds, wildflowers
Each stage of secondary succession prepares the land for subsequent communities, leading to increased
biodiversity
What is one key role of pioneer species in secondary succession?
Soil stabilization
Pioneer species in secondary succession have deep root systems to stabilize the soil.
False
Match the feature with its description in the climax community of secondary succession:
Stability ↔️ Unchanged species composition
Biodiversity ↔️ Variety of species
Resilience ↔️ Ability to recover from disturbances
Species Composition ↔️ Dominated by late-successional species
What is one factor that influences the rate of secondary succession?
Soil conditions
Nutrient-poor soils during secondary succession favor nitrogen-fixing species like
legumes
Order the processes of secondary succession in a forest after a wildfire:
1️⃣ Grasses and herbaceous plants colonize
2️⃣ Nutrient cycling and soil stabilization occur
3️⃣ Shrubs and eventually mature trees dominate
4️⃣ A rich forest ecosystem establishes
What is the ecological significance of secondary succession?
Ecosystem restoration
Secondary succession enhances ecosystem function by promoting
biodiversity
and resilience.
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