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Topic 7: Modern Analytical Techniques I
7.1 Mass Spectrometry
7.1.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry
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Match the fragment with its
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
value:
Methyl ↔️ 15
Ethyl ↔️ 29
Hydroxyl ↔️ 17
Carbonyl ↔️ 28
If the molecular ion peak is at
m
z
=
\frac{m}{z} =
z
m
=
72
72
72
, what is the molar mass of the molecule?
72 g/mol
The molecular ion peak is crucial for determining the
molar
mass of the compound.
What is the purpose of mass spectrometry?
Determine mass-to-charge ratio
Each ion in mass spectrometry is characterized by its
\frac{m}{z}
value.
The five main stages of mass spectrometry in the correct order
1️⃣ Ionization
2️⃣ Acceleration
3️⃣ Deflection
4️⃣ Detection
5️⃣ Analysis
In mass spectrometry, ionization converts
molecules
into ions.
How does electron impact ionization work?
High-energy electron bombardment
Electrospray ionization is ideal for large
biomolecules
due to minimal fragmentation.
Electron impact ionization produces extensive
fragmentation
patterns.
What is a disadvantage of electrospray ionization?
Requires a liquid sample
Match the ionization technique with its fragmentation level:
Electron Impact (EI) ↔️ Extensive
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) ↔️ Minimal
Mass spectrometry can be used to identify molecular mass and elucidate
molecular structure
.
What accelerates ions in mass spectrometry?
Electric field
In mass spectrometry, ions are deflected according to their
\frac{m}{z}
ratio.
The detection stage in mass spectrometry measures
ion abundance
.
What is the equation for electron impact ionization?
M + e^ - \rightarrow M^ + + 2e^ -</latex>
What are the two main ionization techniques in mass spectrometry?
EI and ESI
Electron Impact (EI) uses high-energy electrons to bombard the sample, causing ionization and
fragmentation
Electron Impact (EI) provides strong
fragmentation
patterns useful for structural elucidation
What type of ionization is ideal for large biomolecules?
Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
Electrospray Ionization (ESI) is a gentle ionization method that causes minimal
fragmentation
Electrospray Ionization (
ESI
) requires a liquid sample for ionization
Outline the process of ion separation in mass spectrometry
1️⃣ Ions are accelerated through an electric field
2️⃣ Ions achieve uniform kinetic energy
3️⃣ Ions pass through a magnetic field
4️⃣ Ions deflect based on
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
5️⃣ Ions are detected individually at the detector
What do detectors in mass spectrometry measure?
Ion abundance
Match the detector type with its principle of operation:
Electron Multiplier ↔️ Incident ion releases electrons that are multiplied
Faraday Cup ↔️ Converts ion charge into measurable current
Microchannel Plate ↔️ Uses multiple channels to multiply signals
Electron Multipliers in mass spectrometry are known for their
high sensitivity
and fast response
In a mass spectrum, the abundance of ions is represented on the
y-axis
What does the molecular ion peak in a mass spectrum represent?
Molar mass of the compound
Fragment ions in a mass spectrum arise when the molecular ion breaks
apart
A significant peak at \frac{m}{z} = 57</latex> in a mass spectrum of a compound with
m
z
=
\frac{m}{z} =
z
m
=
86
86
86
indicates the loss of a
C
2
H
5
C_{2}H_{5}
C
2
H
5
group
What is the primary purpose of mass spectrometry?
Determine
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
Describe the five main stages of mass spectrometry in order
1️⃣ Ionization
2️⃣ Acceleration
3️⃣ Deflection
4️⃣ Detection
5️⃣ Analysis
Match the stage of mass spectrometry with its function:
Ionization ↔️ Converts molecules into ions
Acceleration ↔️ Provides uniform kinetic energy
Deflection ↔️ Separates ions by
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
Detection ↔️ Measures ion abundance
The two main ionization techniques in mass spectrometry are Electron Impact (EI) and Electrospray Ionization
(ESI)
In ion separation, lighter ions with higher
charge
deflect more than heavier ions with lower charge
What does the x-axis in a mass spectrum represent?
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
ratio
What does the y-axis of a mass spectrum represent?
Relative abundance
A mass spectrum is a graphical representation of the mass-to-charge ratios (
m
z
\frac{m}{z}
z
m
) of ions plotted against their relative abundances
The molecular ion peak in a mass spectrum is used to determine the
molar mass
of a compound.
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