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Topic 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk
1.7 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
1.7.2 Atherosclerosis
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What is atherosclerosis defined as?
Build-up of plaque in arteries
Atherosclerosis is the gradual build-up of plaque inside arterial walls, leading to hardened and narrowed
arteries
High cholesterol levels are a common cause of
atherosclerosis
.
Stages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque
1️⃣ Endothelial damage
2️⃣ LDL cholesterol infiltration
3️⃣ Immune cell response
4️⃣ Plaque build-up
5️⃣ Plaque rupture
What type of cholesterol infiltrates the arterial wall after endothelial damage?
L
D
L
c
h
o
l
e
s
t
e
r
o
l
LDL cholesterol
L
D
L
c
h
o
l
es
t
ero
l
Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL cholesterol, transforming into foam
cells
How does high blood pressure contribute to atherosclerosis?
Damages arterial walls
Smoking damages arterial walls and increases
cholesterol levels
.
Match the risk factor with its explanation:
High Cholesterol ↔️ Elevated LDL cholesterol contributes to plaque formation.
High Blood Pressure ↔️ Damages endothelium, accelerating plaque build-up.
Smoking ↔️ Damages arterial walls and increases cholesterol levels.
Diabetes ↔️ Increases atherosclerosis risk by promoting inflammation.
What is ischaemia caused by in atherosclerosis?
Reduced blood flow
Atherosclerosis involves the narrowing and hardening of
arteries
What is the main cause of atherosclerosis?
Narrowing of arteries
Ischaemia occurs when
arteries
narrow, reducing blood flow to organs.
A heart attack is caused by the blockage of coronary
arteries
What happens to the brain during a stroke caused by atherosclerosis?
Brain tissue death
Match the prevention or management strategy with its benefit:
Lifestyle Modifications ↔️ Reduces risk factors
Medical Treatments ↔️ Manages blood pressure
Statins are used to manage cholesterol levels in atherosclerosis, which helps prevent blood
clots
Lifestyle modifications can reduce the need for medical treatments in managing
atherosclerosis
.
What are the main goals of atherosclerosis prevention strategies?
Reduce risk factors
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