1.6.3 Obesity and Malnutrition

• Obesity is characterized by excessive body fat and a BMI of 30 or higher.
• A person with a BMI of 32 is considered obese.
• One cause of obesity is excess energy intake compared to energy expenditure.
• Insufficient physical activity contributes to fat accumulation and obesity.
• Unhealthy dietary habits, such as consuming processed foods, increase calorie intake.
• Genetic factors can predispose individuals to obesity.
• Environmental influences, such as limited recreational facilities, can promote obesity.
• The formula for calculating BMI is weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared.
• Match the causes of obesity with their examples:

  Excess energy intake ↔️ High-calorie foods with low activity

  Insufficient exercise ↔️ Sedentary lifestyle

  Unhealthy dietary habits ↔️ Regular fast food consumption

  Genetic predisposition ↔️ Family history of obesity
• Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
• Excess body fat can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
• Obesity can cause respiratory problems like sleep apnea due to compressed airways.
• Obesity increases the risk of breast, colon, and endometrial cancers.
• Malnutrition results from a deficiency or excess in essential nutrients.
• Match the nutrient deficiency with its consequence:

  Protein deficiency ↔️ Muscle wasting

  Iron deficiency ↔️ Anemia

  Vitamin D deficiency ↔️ Bone weakness

  Iodine deficiency ↔️ Goiter
• Dietary insufficiency is a primary cause of malnutrition.
• Absorption issues, such as in Crohn's disease, can prevent proper nutrient absorption.
• Chronic illnesses like cancer can increase nutrient needs or impair absorption.
• Increased fat deposits lead to high blood pressure and cholesterol
• What specific risk is associated with type 2 diabetes in obesity?

  Insulin resistance
• Extra weight compresses airways, leading to respiratory problems such as sleep apnea and asthma.
• Match the cancer type with its association to obesity:

  Breast cancer ↔️ Obesity increases inflammatory cytokines

  Colon cancer ↔️ Obesity promotes cell growth
• Malnutrition results from a deficiency or excess in essential nutrients
• What are the two main types of malnutrition?

  Undernutrition and overnutrition
• Protein deficiency can lead to muscle wasting and impaired growth.
• Which nutrient deficiency affects calcium absorption, leading to bone weakness?

  Vitamin D
• Malnutrition caused by a diet lacking essential nutrients is called dietary insufficiency
• How do chronic illnesses contribute to malnutrition?

  Increased nutrient needs
• A weakened immune system in malnutrition increases susceptibility to infections
• Which organ damage can occur due to prolonged malnutrition?

  Heart, kidney, and liver
• Order the health risks associated with malnutrition based on their consequences, starting with immediate effects:

  1️⃣ Impaired Growth

  2️⃣ Weakened Immune System

  3️⃣ Organ Damage

  4️⃣ Cognitive Impairment
• Obesity and malnutrition are mutually exclusive conditions.

  False
• Obesity is defined by a BMI of 30 or higher
• What is the formula for calculating BMI?

  BMI = \frac{\text{weight (kg)}}{\text{height (m)}^{2}}</latex>
• Consuming more calories than used daily is a primary cause of obesity.
• Inherited predisposition to weight gain is an example of a genetic factor in obesity.
• What cardiovascular disease is associated with obesity due to high blood pressure and cholesterol?

  Heart attack
• Excess body fat disrupts insulin function, leading to type 2 diabetes in obesity.
• What health risk is associated with excess fat and cholesterol?

  Hypertension
• Excess body fat disrupts insulin function