2.2.1 Formation of Covalent Bonds

• What is a covalent bond formed by?

  Sharing electrons
• Covalent bonds are typically formed between non-metal atoms.
• By sharing electrons, atoms achieve a full outer shell
• How many electrons does each hydrogen atom share in a hydrogen molecule ($H_{2}$)?


  One
• In a hydrogen molecule, each hydrogen atom achieves a full outer shell with two electrons.
• A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
• What type of covalent bond is formed in a hydrogen molecule ($H_{2}$)?


  Single
• Sharing electrons in a covalent bond allows each atom to complete its outer shell.
• A covalent molecule is formed by one or more covalent bonds
• How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

  Two
• Oxygen molecules ($O_{2}$) use double covalent bonds.
• Which molecule uses a triple covalent bond?

  Nitrogen
• A covalent molecule is formed by one or more covalent bonds
• Triple covalent bonds are stronger than single covalent bonds.
• How many electron pairs are shared in a triple covalent bond?

  Three
• A covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electronic configuration
• A single covalent bond involves the sharing of one pair of electrons.
• How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

  Two
• Triple covalent bonds are found in nitrogen molecules ($N_{2}$), which makes them very stable
• Order the types of covalent bonds based on the number of electron pairs shared.

  1️⃣ Single bond (1 pair)

  2️⃣ Double bond (2 pairs)

  3️⃣ Triple bond (3 pairs)
• Atoms share electrons in covalent bonds to complete their outer shells.
• Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration
• What is the electron configuration of carbon in methane (CH_{4}</latex>)?

  $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{2}$
• In methane, carbon achieves a full outer shell by forming four covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms.
• A sigma (σ) bond is formed when atomic orbitals overlap directly
• Which type of bond restricts rotation around the bond axis?

  Pi (π) bond
• A pi (π) bond results in a nodal plane
• In $O_{2}$, how many sigma and pi bonds are present?


  One σ, one π
• A covalent molecule is formed by one or more covalent bonds.
• How is a π bond formed?

  Side-by-side overlap
• A π bond results in a nodal plane
• A π bond has cylindrical symmetry.

  False
• What is the bond composition in $O_{2}$?


  One σ and one π bond
• Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
• Water is a covalent molecule formed by oxygen sharing electrons with two hydrogen atoms.
• How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds?

  Electron sharing vs. transfer
• Steps in the formation of a covalent bond

  1️⃣ Atoms contribute electrons

  2️⃣ Orbital overlap occurs

  3️⃣ Atoms achieve a stable configuration
• What type of covalent bond is present in H_{2}</latex>?

  Single
• Double covalent bonds involve sharing two pairs of electrons
• Nitrogen molecules are stable due to their triple covalent bonds.