DRAWING

• DRAWING - is usually done on paper using pencil, pen and ink, orcharcoal. It is the most fundamental of all skills necessary inarts.
• Pencil - it comes in different degrees of hardness or softness, with the pencil lead (graphite).
• Ink - one of the oldest mediums still in use, offers a great and variety of qualities.
• India Ink - which comes in liquid form, used by comic strip illustrators and cartoonist.
• Chinese ink - comes in solid sticks dissolved in waters before they are used.
• Bistre - A brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and used in pen and wash drawings.
• Crayons - Pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks for children in the elementary grades. They adhere better on paper surface
• Charcoal - It is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Soft charcoal produces the darkest value, while the hardest produces the lightest tone.
• Silverpoint - The artist has a technique of drawing with silver stylus on specially prepared paper to produce a thin grayish line that was popular during the renaissance period.
• PRINTMAKING - A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from duplicating process.
• One of the advantages of printmaking is the process of making many copies of the original drawing.
• Woodcut - It is made from a piece of wood. The design stands as a relief, the remaining surface of the block being cut away
• Engraving - Forming designs by cutting, corrosion by acids. In engraving, the lines of the an engraving are cut by hand with an instrument burin, a steel tool with an oblique point and rounded handle. Etching is a development of engraving.
• Relief - Involves cutting away from a block of wood or linoleum the parts of the design that the artist wants to be seen, leaving the portion of the third dimension.
• Intaglio - A printing process in which the design or the text is engraved into the surface of the plate and the ink is transferred to paper from the groover
• Stencil Printing - It is a process which involves cutting of the design on special paper cardboard or metal sheet in such a way that when ink is rubbed over it, the design is reproduced on the surface.
• SCULPTURE - is an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects.
• carving - (the removal of material) such as wood or stone
• modelling - (the addition of material) forms by adding pieces of material such as clay
• Stone - is the hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material.
• Stone - is the hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material.
• Stones include:

  1.Sandstone- a soft stone

  2. Granite- difficult to chisel, good for large works

  3. Basalt- hard and black

  4. Marble- capable of taking high polish, used for more detailed carving.

  5. Limestone- has fine and even texture.
• Jade - is a fine, colorful stone, usually green, and used widely in Ancient China. Highly esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving and fashion jewelry.
• Ivory - which comes from the main parts of tusks of elephants, is the hard white substance used to make carvings and billiard balls.
• Metals - can be transformed into fine wires or threads. It can be shaped into any direction or formed under great pressure without breaking
• Bronze - is cast into shape. Strong, durable and resistant to any atmospheric corrosion. Suited for sculptures in outdoor places.
• Brass - is not popularly used by artists. Despite that, it does not rust and it takes a brilliant polish.
• Copper - basically shaped by hammering. Resistant in atmospheric corrosion.
• Gold and Silver - used as casting materials for small objects like medals, coins, and pieces of jewelry.
• Lead - is a flexible and permanent material, used for casting and forging.
• Plaster - is worked on an armature wire and rods in addition to various materials and fibers. Used extensively for making manikins, models, architectural decors and other indoor sculpture.
• Clay - is generally fragile so it becomes necessary to cast it in another durable material
• Glass - is used to make beautiful but fragile figurines. It can be molded in various colors and shapes
• Wood - is easier to carve than any other mediums available because it can be intricately carved and subjected into a variety of treatment not possible with stone. Common wood used for sculpture are dapdap, white lauan, oak, walnut, mahogany, narra, and dao.
• Terra cotta - is the tenderest of sculptural materials. This is used in vases, figurines, and in small thins. It originates literally from the Italian translation: 'baked' or 'cooked earth'
• Architecture - is an art. It is the art of designing a building and supervising its construction.
• These man’s needs include:

  1.Physical needs

  2. Emotional needs

  3. Intellectual needs

  4. Psychosocial needs
• Classification of Architectural Materials (Salvan, 1999)

  The material used in architecture are classified into three:

  1.) The materials of nature (direct product of nature)

  2.) Materials manufactured or made by man

  3.) Indigenous materials
• The materials of nature (direct product of nature)

  1.Stone is one of the oldest and perhaps the most permanent material. It is used in most of the great architecture of the world.(lime stones, granite, marble, sandstone)

  2.Wood is not a permanent material but with proper care, it will last for a century. It is the common material before the 90’s.
• Types of metals - bronze, wrought iron, copper, chrome-nickel steel, aluminum, monel metal, nickel silvers.