sci

• Science is any systematic knowledge or practice, a systematized body of knowledge covering general truths and factual information
• Chemistry: study of the composition of substances and the changes they undergo
• Technology is the human attempt to change the world by creating products that can help people
• Technology involves tools, techniques, and procedures for putting the findings of science to use
• Society is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including interactions to figure things out and make things

  • A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory
• Sigmund Freud An Austrian Physician and the founder of Psychoanalysis dealing with personality.
• Nicolaus Copernicus

  •  Mathematician and Astronomer
  • He proposed that sun is stationary and is the center of the universe and earth revolved around it.
  • This is the Heliocentric model: helios – sun and centric as center.
• Ptolemy (100 AD)- He made the Geocentric model: Geo- earth and centric as centerHis work was replace by Copernicus’ work
• Charles Darwin (1809–1882)He is an English naturalist, geologist and biologist.

  He had 2 evolution theories: The Origin of Species and Descent of Man
• Scientific Revolution:

  • Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society's views about nature
  • Birth of modern science
  • Significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations
• Sigmund Freud:

  • Austrian Physician and founder of Psychoanalysis
  • Psychoanalysis states that people's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives
• Three Levels of Mind:

  • Conscious Mind: current state of awareness, thoughts, desires & wishes
  • Preconscious Mind: information not currently aware of but can be recalled
  • Unconscious Mind: outside of awareness, consists of repressed urges, memories, threatening inner desires, animalistic behavior
• Nicolaus Copernicus:

  • Mathematician and Astronomer
  • Proposed the Heliocentric model: sun is stationary and the center of the universe, earth revolves around it
• Charles Darwin:

  • English naturalist, geologist, and biologist
  • Evolution theories: The Origin of Species and Descent of Man
  • Origin of Species: Evolution through Natural Selection (survival of the fittest)
  • Descent of Man: Humans and Apes share a common ancestor
• Aristotle:

  • Nicomachean Ethics: happiness or 'living well' as the primary goal in human life
  • Made significant contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theatre
• Johannes Kepler:

  • German mathematician and astronomer
  • Discovered that Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits
  • Formulated three laws of planetary motion
• Isaac Newton:

  • English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author
  • Presented three laws of motion in "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis"
• Galileo Galilei:

  • Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician
  • Made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion and astronomy
  • Invented the telescope
• Mesoamerican Civilizations:

  • Mayan Civilization: known for works in Astronomy, Chichen Itza, El Castillo pyramid
  • Inca Civilization: paved roads, stone buildings, suspension bridge, Quipu, Inca textiles
  • Aztec Civilization: mandatory education, antispasmodic medication, Chinampa (Floating gardens)
• Development of Science in Asia:

  • India: known for iron and metallurgical works, Ayurveda, Susruta Samhita, Aryabhata, Madhava of Sangamagrama
  • China: Acupuncture, compass, papermaking, gunpowder, seismological detector, dry dock facility
  • Middle East Countries: Ibn al-Haytham, Muhammaed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Ibn Sina
• Development of Science in Africa:

  • Development of geometry for building structures like Egyptian pyramids and early dams
  • Center of alchemy
  • Studied Human anatomy and Pharmacology
• Susruta Samhita – ancient text which describes different surgical and other medical procedures
• • MOHENJO DARO RULER – measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy
• • Aryabhata – introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as well as Algorithms of algebra
  • Considered as a father of Indian Mathematics
• • Madhava of Sangamagrama – founder of mathematical analysis
  • Established the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics 
• Ibn al-Haytham – regarded as Father of Optics
• • Muhammaed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – concept of algorithm

       - the term algebra derived from al-jabr
• • Ibn Sina – first physician to conduct clinical trials

           - most notable works in medicine, Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
• Ayurveda – a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India.
• • Chinampa – agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surround by canals.

       - Also called Floating gardens
• • Chichen Itza(In mayan language term at the mouth of the well of the Itza) situated at the location of the sun during spring and fall equinoxes.
• El Castillo pyramid- the castle, build this for the spring and fall equinoxes
• Quipu- a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
• Inca Textiles – made using cotton or Ilama, alpaca and vicuna wool.