Chemistry

• The three types of chemical bonds are ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding.
• Ionic Bonding is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions that results from the transfer of electrons during the formation of compounds.
• Metallic Bonding involves the sharing of valence electrons among metal atoms held together by strong electrostatic forces.
• Ionic Bonding is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (positive and negative). It occurs when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another during the formation of an ionic compound.
• Covalent Bonding is the sharing of pairs of electrons between two nonmetals.
• Covalent Bonding occurs when two nonmetals share one or more pairs of electrons to form molecules.
• Polar Bonds occur when there is unequal sharing of electrons due to differences in electronegativities.
• Na+:

  • Regulates bodily fluids
• K+:

  • Osmotic balance of the kidney
• Ca2+:

  • Important for bones and teeth
• Mg2+:

  • Components of chlorophyll
• Cl-:

  • One of the most abundant ions
• NaNO3:

  • Used as meat preservatives
• NaOH:

  • Utilized by soap manufacturers
• AgBr and AgCl:

  • Found in films in the photographic industry
• Al2O3:

  • Commonly used in engineering
• NH4- ammonium
• Common polyatomic ions:
• NO2- nitrite
• NO3- nitrate
• HSO3- hydrogen sulfate
• OH- hydroxide
• CY- cyanide
• MnO4- permanganate
• HCO3- hydrogen carbonate
• ClO- hypochlorite
• ClO2- chlorite
• ClO3- chlorate
• ClO4- perchlorate
• IO4- periodate
• IO3- iodate
• H2PO- dihydrogen phosphate
• C2H3O2- acetate
• CO3- carbonate
• SO3 2- sulfite
• SO4 2- sulfate
• S2O3 2- thiosulfate
• O2 2- peroxide
• CrO4 2- chromate
• Cr2O7 2- dichromate