Struggle for freedom of india phase 1

• • Had to pay huge taxes- peasents
• British considered themselves as superior races and Indians as inferior races
• Introduction of Western system of education in India to utilize educated Indians
• British believed that educated Indians would be loyal to them
• Western ideas made people more aware of their rights
• Indians learned about freedom struggles of France and America, adopting Western ideas of Liberty, equality, and fraternity
• English became the common language for communication in India
• Indians became conscious of their culture and heritage
• Max Muller and William Jones translated Vedas and Upanishads into English
• Missionaries like Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Brahmo Samaj, and Theosophical Society awakened feelings of patriotism
• Uniform system of governance created a feeling of oneness in India
• Introduction of modern industries by the British interconnected different parts of India
• Travelling and working together fostered a feeling of solidarity and togetherness among Indians
• Post and telegraph system helped bridge different sections of society, strengthening unity
• British rule was responsible for creating divisions among Indians
• Central Telegraph Office was located in Bombay
• Religious and English press grew during this period
• Growth of press was an important factor in the growth of nationalism
• Newspapers encouraged people to unite and work for common causes
• Vernacular press had a greater capacity than English press in mobilizing public opinion
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak used his Marathi newspaper Kesari to propagate nationalist ideas
• Discontent against British rule intensified due to the policies of Viceroy Lord Lytton
• In 1877, a lavish Darbar was held by the British
• Civil service examinations were reduced from age 21 to 19 in 1878
• Vernacular Press Act of 1878 forbade any writing against the government in vernacular languages
• Arms Act of 1878 forbade Indians from keeping any arms
• Ilbert Bill of 1883 aimed to establish equality between Indian and British judges
• First session of Indian Congress was held in Bombay on 28-31 December 1885
• British Indian Association was the first association working for Indian welfare
• Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote "Vande Mataram"
• British Indian Association was formed by Surendranath Banerjee in 1851
• Bombay Association was founded in 1852
• Madras Native Association was formed in 1853
• Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British servant, founded the Indian National Congress on 28 December 1885
• 72 delegates attended the first meeting of the Indian National Congress
• Syed Ahmed Khan was a prominent Muslim leader who did not join the Indian National Congress
• The Indian Council Act demanded better representation in the legislative council
• The moderate faction dominated the Indian National Congress for 20 years
• Prominent members of the moderate faction were Surendranath Banerjee, Dinshaw Wacha, Firozshah Mehta, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale
• Moderates believed in peaceful and constitutional methods to achieve their aims